Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has proven effective on pain for 3 decades particularly in Eastern European research. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are highly effective in a diverse range of therapeutic applications with no side-effects or adverse reactions. Got pain?…PEMF is probably the answer to your prayers.
If you’ve got fibromyalgia, we have rarely seen it fail. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for fibromyalgia has not been well researched in the peer-reviewed journals. What exists (and some relating) you will find below. We believe nightly application is the key to long term success.
Frequency specificity in pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is currently being investigated in the West after Eastern European research found particular frequencies highly effective more than 3 decades ago. Frequency specific microcurrent is one such tool. We have good reason to believe that it is the frequency specificity of that system that produces the miraculous effects. Future Tech Today Inc. has been using 10 Hz since its inception based upon those Eastern European studies.
Future Tech Today Inc. is modeled after Eastern Europe’s most effective and well tested frequencies and wave-forms. It is highly adaptable system that is primarily designed for nighttime use. If it doesn’t exceed your expectations (for any purpose), just return it for a full refund (less shipping charges).
Rarely do peer-reviewed PEMF studies prove less effective than placebo;…when they do, frequency, amplitude and wave-form shape should be suspect. When frequency is 10 Hz, they NEVER FAIL.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>In May 2001 we discovered that a very weak pulsed electromagnetic signal applied during the night resulted in better sleep. Eight hours spent in our modulating Delta / Theta Sleep Mode programs and the body not only sleeps better but repairs better. Everyone knows that sleep and recuperation go hand in hand.
We have discovered that sleeping in this patented pulsed magnetic field promotes deep, recuperative sleep. Better than 90% of Future Tech Today Inc. clients report better sleep and enhanced recovery after just a few nights of sleeping within our very subtle, pulsed magnetic field (comparable to planet Earth’s geomagnetic field density and frequencies) when applied through the mattress of any bed.
Curious side effects are enhanced wellbeing, improved oxygenation, more strength & stamina, improved hand-eye, balance and motor synchronization.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>Extensive research suggests there are electrophysiological abnormalities that coexist with many different types of neurological disease states which can be positively affected by pulsed magnetic therapy including;
Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, cluster and other headache syndromes, severe PMS and other exaggerated menstrual related symptoms, insomnia and other sleeping disorders, attention deficit disorder ADD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, depression, schizophrenia and other psychological disorders.
Pulsed magnetic field research suggests that pulsed electromagnetic field therapy can reduce migraine as well as promote sleep and relaxation in insomniacs. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS/rTMS) research has proven for decades that pulsed electromagnetic fields safely reduce anxiety and depression using magnetic fields that are hundreds, even thousands of times the magnetic field density used to produce deep, restful sleep and improved sense of wellbeing induced through Future Tech Today Inc. magnetic field supplementation.
Over 90% of Future Tech Today Inc. clients report better sleep and recovery (due in part to their better sleep) simply by sleeping within our very subtle, proprietary and patented pulsed magnetic field. Curious side effects are enhanced wellbeing, substantially enhanced recovery, strength, stamina, hand-eye, balance and motor synchronization.
Published research suggests that human disorders of many types are related by electromagnetic anomalies in the brain and body. The application of pulsed electromagnetic fields of particular frequency and field density seem to be able to safely address the problem, at least in significant part.
]]>Research points to conclusion that multiple sclerosis and many neurological diseases share similar electrophysiologic anomalies. The anomalies can be found in brain waves of following neurological disease states;
epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, migraine, cluster and other headache syndromes, severe PMS, and exaggerated menstrual related symptoms, attention deficit disorder ADD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, insomnia / sleeping disorders, tremor disorders, undiagnosed muscle twitch.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Here are two related studies:
Is rTMS an effective therapeutic strategy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease?
Non pharmacological interventions for spasticity in multiple sclerosis.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>Beside promoting various healing mechanisms, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy has been found to have substantially beneficial neuroendocrine, neurological and psychological effects; as well as having ability to promote bone, tissue and nerve regeneration.
BBC NEWS: Tuesday, 11 May, 2004, 09:13 GMT 10:13 UK
Magnetic therapy may help people with spinal cord injuries.
Doctors at Imperial College London administered magnetic stimulation to the brains of people with partial damage to their spinal cord. The therapy led to improved muscle and limb movement, and increased ability to feel sensations.
Details of the technique – known as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) – are published in the journal Spinal Cord. It works by using an electromagnet placed on the scalp to generate brief magnetic pulses, about the strength of an MRI scan. These pulses stimulate the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex.
The technique was tested on four patients with what are known as incomplete spinal cord injuries. This is where the spinal cord has not been entirely severed, but the patient has still lost the ability to move or feel properly below the injury point.
Researcher Dr Nick Davey said: “Through rTMS we may be able to help people who have suffered partial injuries to the spinal cord recover some of their movement and feeling. “We think it works by strengthening the information leaving the brain through the undamaged neurons in the spinal cord. It may work like physiotherapy but instead of repeating a physical task, the machine activates the surviving nerves to strengthen their connections.”
The patients had all sustained their injuries at least 18 months previously and had already received conventional rehabilitation including physiotherapy. They were all considered stable in that they were no longer undergoing natural improvement. The patients received both real and sham rTMS treatment over a three-week period. The rTMS treatment involved five consecutive days of magnetic stimulation for one hour per day.
The researchers focused on a phenomenon called intracortical inhibition which makes it easier for message from the brain to pass down the spinal cord to the rest of the body. They found rTMS treatment resulted in a 37.5% drop in intracortical inhibition, compared with normal physiotherapy.
This reduction in intracortical inhibition was accompanied by improvement in both motor and sensory function, which lasted for at least three weeks after the treatment. Dr Davey said: “Despite this, we still need to be extremely careful in interpreting these results as we only sampled a small number of patients.
“Further studies on larger groups of patients will need to be carried out before we will know if this treatment is fully effective. “Similarly we have no idea how long the treatment benefits will last over a longer period.”
The treatment was originally designed to treat psychiatric disorders, and has been used in treating some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
]]>Pulsed magnetic field therapies have been found to have beneficial neurological effects. Beside promoting various physiological, psychological and neurological healing mechanisms, PEMF’s turn on body’s ability to regenerate bone, muscle and nerve tissue. See neuropathy studies following links section.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>The frequencies of naturally occurring electromagnetic signals circulating in the Earth’s ionosphere have determined the ‘evolution’ and operation of the human brain since the beginning of time. Brain wave entrainment originated and was made popular by the binaural beats community (see AlphaLearning™) and light and sound devices to stimulate the brain.
The goal of brain wave entrainment / binaural beats is to favorably affect the electrical activity in the brain (as measured by electroencephalogram – EEG or magnetoencephelogram – MEG) via non-invasive external stimuli thereby beneficially affecting the subject’s frame of mind, to enhanced learning, relaxation, etc.
See also Monroe Institute for affordable brain wave entrainment Cd’s and Tapes.
]]>Below, please find dozens of peer reviewed research studies which support a finding that magnetic therapy utilizing pulsed electromagnetic fields called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS/TMS) reduces seizure activity in epilepsy (and reduces symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, depression, MS, migraine headache) without side effects or expected/unexpected reactions.
Professor Photios Anninos discovered that brain waves of epileptic individuals have abnormality which correspond to a particular frequency range. He and his associates in Greece have developed a highly accurate method of measuring these abnormalities and then custom tuning their electromagnetic field therapy device for each individual on a case by case basis. The magnetoencephalogram (MEG) is the magnetic activity emitted by the brain, which can be measured using a superconductive quantum interference device (SQUID). Total cost including brain mapping in your home country is in the US$5000 range.
Future Tech Today Inc. has discovered that our patent pending magnetic field supplementation device and methods substantially enhance human (and animal) performance.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>When reviewing the research bibliography below, keep in mind that the studies use a wide range of pulsed electromagnetic frequencies.
Therefore, It is VERY IMPORTANT to differentiate between effects of frequencies below 15 Hz (low Beta-rhythm brainwave state = FOCUSED – NO STRESS) and those above 15 Hz ( mid Beta-Rhythm brainwave state or higher) resulting in negative behavioral modification and stress chemical synthesis. You’ll see the pattern form as you read down the page.
Nearly every therapeutic PEMF system has all or most programs above the 15 Hz threshold which we feel is a huge mistake. Although PEMF studies show enhanced rates of healing at a wide range of frequencies, the “sweet” spot for physiological healing is 10 Hz, plain and simple as proven by the Eastern European researchers in the 1970’s and 1980’s. NASA/Goodwin confirmed in 2003. Further studies on the mitochondria find beneficial effects at 10 Hz as well while mitochondria subject to power frequency have less than robust survival rates when insulted by hypoxic shock (no oxygen). Based upon historical data, we believe it makes no sense whatsoever to use higher frequencies for ANY therapeutic purpose while limiting exposure to higher-frequency EMF from all sources.
1: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Nov-Dec;40(6):693-5.
[Influence of electromagnetic fields on the emotional behaviour of rats]
[Article in Russian]
Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Bliskovka GI, Akoev IG.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region, 142290 Russia. tsemenova@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su
The effects of ultra low power pulse-width + modulation electromagnetic
radiation (EMR, power density 10 mc/Wt/cm2, carrying frequency 915 MHz,
modulating pulses with frequency 4, 6, 16 and 20 Hz, duration 10 min) on the rat
emotional behavior and motor activity in the elevated plus-maze were studied. It
was established that EMR (frequency of modulation 4 and 6 Hz) significantly
decreased the emotionally negative reactions of anxiety and fear by a factor of
3.7 (p < 0.01) and 4.5 (p < 0.01) correspondingly and increased by a factor of 1.9-2.2 (p < 0.05) exploratory activity. On the contrary EMR (frequency of modulation 20 Hz) significantly increased by a factor of (p < 0.05) emotionally negative reactions of anxiety and fear and decreased by a factor of 1.8 (p < 0.05) the exploratory activity in rats. PMID: 11155339 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM. National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia. Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system. 1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links [Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF] [Article in Russian] Tamasidze A G . The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of "open field". Comparison of behavior of rats in the "open field" has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system. 1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM. National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia. Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system. 2: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Jul-Aug;40(4):429-32. 1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links [Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF] [Article in Russian] Tamasidze A G . The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of "open field". Comparison of behavior of rats in the "open field" has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system. [The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the monoamine oxidase A activity in the rat brain] [Article in Russian] Dolgacheva LP, Semenova TP, Abzhalelov BB, Akoev IG. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia. dolgacheva@hotmail.com The effect of the ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (EMR, power density 10 microW/cm2; carrying frequency 915 MHz; modulating pulses with frequency 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 20 Hz) on activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A), enzyme involved in the oxidative deamination of monoamines, was investigated. It was established that the increase of activity MAO in hypothalamus reached the maximal meaning at modulation frequency of 6 Hz that corresponded 160% (p < 0.01) of the control level; and at modulation frequency of 20 Hz the decrease of enzyme activity up to 74% (p < 0.01) was found. Mainly the action of ultralow power pulse-modulated EMR on activity of MAO in hippocamp was activating; and the maximal increase of enzyme activity up to 174% (p < 0.01) was registered at modulation frequency of 4 Hz. PMID: 11031490 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM. National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia. Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system. 3: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):686-93. Action of modulated electromagnetic fields on the emotional component of the systems organization of behavioral acts in rats. Sudakov KV. P. K. Anokhin Science Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. This article reviews experimental data providing evidence on the effects of modulated electromagnetic fields of 30-120 V/m with a carrier frequency of 30 MHz modulated sinusoidally at frequencies of 2-50 Hz on the emotional responses accompanying various stages in the systems organization of behavior in rats. The blocking effects of fields were demonstrated in self-stimulation models in different types of conditioned reflex behavior, as well as during extinction of conditioned reflex responses in individual conditions and emotional intercourse. It is suggested that modulated electromagnetic fields which have information effects on the body act on the information component of behavior, i.e., emotion. PMID: 9850964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 4: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 May-Jun;51(3):373-7. [Modulation by ultralow intensity electromagnetic fields on pharmacologic effects of psychotropic drugs] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Bazian AS, Shikhov SN, Cherniakov GM, Uzbekov MG. National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Psychiatry, Russian Ministry of Public Health, Moscow. The ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density of 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) potentiated the hypnogenic effect of hexenal. The exposure to the EMF shortened the time of falling asleep induced by this drug and increased sleep duration in rats. The exposure to the EMF also potentiated haloperidol catalepsy: it decreased the drug threshold dose and increased the catalepsy duration. The EMF influence on the haloperidol effects was of a prolonged character: it was manifest in a selected suppression of the emotional excitation in the open-field test within 24 hours after the exposure. PMID: 11550647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 5: Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(4):287-97. Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to magnetic fields in rats. Trzeciak HI, Grzesik J, Bortel M, Kuska R, Duda D, Michnik J, Malecki A. Department of Pharmacology, Silesian Academy of Medicine, Katowice, Poland. Male rats and pregnant and nonpregnant female rats of the Wistar strain were sham-exposed or exposed to static (0.49 T) or to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields (0.018 T) 2 h per day for 20 consecutive days. Measures of irritability, exploratory activity, and locomotion were made in that order before and after the 4th, 10th, and 17th 2-h exposures. A reliable decrease in the irritability of rats after repeated exposure to a static or undulating field was found. No significant effects of treatment conditions on open-field behavior and locomotor activity were observed. Pregnancy had no influence on the behavioral end points. These results indicate that irritability of rats may be used as a simple behavioral indicant of mammalian sensitivity to magnetic fields. PMID: 8216385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 6: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):867-77. [The neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM. National Research Center, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow. The effects of the ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) on the reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats with different types of behavior were studied. Some neurochemical and behavioral mechanisms of rats' reactions were investigated. It was shown that the EMF produce pronounced changes in the state and activity of monoaminergic brain systems. These changes, on the whole, correspond to the alterations at the integrative level (predominantly, of the inhibitory character). PMID: 11085002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 7: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1997;31(5):70-5. [Combined effect of hypokinesia of various duration and gamma-radiation on central nervous system activity in rats] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS. State Research Center "Institute of Medical Biological Problems", RF. There studied the effects of a combined effect of hypokinesia (HK) of various duration (7 and 30 days, corresponding to the stages of anxiety and resistance of general adaptation syndrome) and gamma-radiation dose of 3 Gy on the formation of differentiated motor-drinking conditioned reflex (CR) in the rats. It is demonstrated that the applied exposures lead to the various disorders of the higher nervous activity of the test animals: after 7-day hypokinesia in the behaviour there prevail the fear and emotional-vegetative components whereas following 30-day hypokinetic exposure there occurs some stimulation of the orientation-exploratory behaviour with concurrent enhancement of the inertness of nervous processes and the tendency to formation of stringent behavioural stereotypes slowing-down the conditioned reflex formation. A modifying effect of radiation counts only after 30-day hypokinesia and consists in the development of extra-limited inhibition (reaction of acquired helplessness) in the part of animals. PMID: 9508401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 8: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1999;41(3):75-80. Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on behavioral activity of rats. Kemerov S, Marinkev M, Getova D. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Higher Medical Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The present study aimed at comparative assessment of the changes in behavioral activity of rats after exposing them to low intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the meter, decimeter and centimeter ranges. The experiments were carried out on 24 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (1 control and 3 experimental), treated with different EMFs. The rats were irradiated on the head area at power density of 10 mW/cm2. Using a conventional shuttle box, the conditioned and non-conditioned responses and spontaneous motor activity of the rats were studied. The results suggest that exposure to EMFs in the three ranges can slow down the formation of conditioned responses--this was clearly marked in the rats exposed to meter EMFs, whereas the effects of centimeter EMFs were delayed in time. The behavioral effects were mild at athermal dosages and the animals adapted easily to exposure conditions. This study shows that determination of the effects of different EMFs should be done for each of the ranges separately; determination of the exact dosage of the electromagnetic fields can help to avoid their negative biological effects. PMID: 10658372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 9: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15. [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM. National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia. Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system. PMID: 10984915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 10: Gig Sanit. 1987 Jul;(7):26-9. [Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the 17-cm range based on research data on behavioral reactions] [Article in Russian] Dumanskii IuD, Zotov SV. PMID: 3666487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 11: Radiobiologiia. 1990 May-Jun;30(3):395-9. [The effect of an SHF field on the dopamine-dependent behavior of rats] [Article in Russian] Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF. A study was made of the influence of SHF radiation (8 mW/cm2, carrier frequency 0.88 Hz, modulation frequency 16 Hz) on rotation of rats induced by apomorphine. A single exposure within an hour was shown to inhibit apomorphine-induced rotation by 21%. Daily one-hour exposure within 5 days caused a more pronounced inhibition of test-response. Different individual sensitivity to SHF radiation was noted. PMID: 2371398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 12: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Sep;20(6):378-86. Influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on rat behavior. Zhadin MN, Deryugina ON, Pisachenko TM. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Moscow Region, Russia. zhadin@online.stack.net The action of combined parallel static (DC) and alternating (AC) magnetic fields at the cyclotron frequencies for different biologically active ions, specifically, calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and lithium, on rat behavior in the "open field" were investigated. It was shown that the DC and AC fields at the calcium cyclotron frequency lower the locomotor and exploratory activity of the rats, whereas action of the fields at the magnesium cyclotron frequency enhances these forms of behavioral activity. The effects were qualitatively alike at the weak (50 microT) and relatively strong (500 microT) DC fields with proportional changes in the frequencies and amplitudes of the AC fields. Statistically significant effects of cyclotron frequencies for other ions studied were not observed. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 10453066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 13: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1993 Nov-Dec;33(6):783-9. [Radiation-induced changes of circadian dynamics in the behavioral reactions of rats in the "open field"] [Article in Russian] Davydova OE. The interaction of daily motor activity rythm within daily changes of early transient neurological disorders (ENTD) symptoms has been evaluated. The highest frequency of five ENTD symptoms was mainly observed in that daily periods when behavior reactions were minimal. A difference was distinguished in circadian radiosensitivity of some behavior reactions in "open field" (gamma-irradiation 60Co, 62.5 Gy). The most radiosensitive ENTD symptoms were "vertical set", "immobility" and "motion on the spot", characterized emotional state and orienting-locomotor animal reactions. Certain changes of orto- and paraphases of these behavior reactions biorythms due to irradiation have been revealed. PMID: 8293103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 14: Radiat Res. 1995 Jul;143(1):93-7. Lack of behavioral effects in non-human primates after exposure to ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. Sherry CJ, Blick DW, Walters TJ, Brown GC, Murphy MR. Systems Research Laboratories, Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235, USA. The effect of acute exposure to ultrawideband (UWB) electromagnetic radiation on the Primate Equilibrium Platform (PEP) task, where the monkey's task is to manipulate a joystick control to compensate for the random perturbations in the pitch plane that are generated by a computer at unpredictable intervals, was examined. The duration of the UWB exposure was 2 min at a pulse repetition rate of 60 Hz (total of 7200 pulses). The bandwidth of the pulse was 100 MHz to 1.5 GHz (peak power between 250-500 MHz) with a peak E-field strength of 250 kV/m. Each monkey was exposed twice. The interval between exposures was 6 days. The exposure to UWB electromagnetic radiation had no effect on PEP performance when tested immediately after exposure. PMID: 7597150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 15: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1995 Apr;81(4):21-31. [The physiological mechanisms of the regulation of zoosocial behavior in rats exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Sidiakin VG, Stashkov AM, Ianova NP, Chemodanova MA, Shumilina KA, Kirillova AV. The infraslow frequency electromagnetic fields were shown to affect social activity in rats: the changes induced by territorial priority and isolation were eliminated, an interaction between the motor activity and the social status appeared. The monoaminergic system of the rat brain seems to take part in physiological mechanisms of regulation of the zoosocial behaviour according to changes in ambient conditions. PMID: 7581573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 16: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995 Nov;210(2):171-9. Effects of prenatal ultrasound exposure on adult offspring behavior in the Wistar rat. Jensh RP, Lewin PA, Poczobutt MT, Goldberg BB, Oler J, Goldman M, Brent RL. Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. An ultrasound exposure tank was specifically designed for experimental bioeffects studies. Thirty-six pregnant rats were anesthetized, immersed to the axilla in a water tank, and exposed on Day 15, 17, and 19 of gestation. Twelve rats were exposed to 5.0 MHz pulsed ultrasound of effective pulse duration equal to approximately 0.170 microseconds, pulse repetition rate (PRF) 1 kHz, and a spatial peak, temporal peak intensity (lsptp) of 500 W/cm2, representing a clinically appropriate exposure level. The spatial peak pulse average (lsppa), spatial peak temporal average (lspta), and instantaneous maximum (lm) intensities were determined to be 100 W/cm2, 24 mW/cm2, and 230 W/cm2, respectively. The maximum rarefraction pressure, pr, was measured as 12.5 x 10(5) Pa, and the total power was 2.5 mW. Twelve other rats were exposed to 1500 W/cm2, lsptp, and 12 were sham insonified. Since the focal area was about 0.05 cm2, computer controlled stepper motors moved the rats through the ultrasound field to ensure uniform exposure of the abdominal/pelvic region. Total exposure time was 35 min. A miniature thermocouple was implanted in a few rats to verify that no significant temperature increase took place due to exposure. A total of 278 offspring were maintained until postnatal Day 60 when they were subjected to two of four behavioral tests in random order within sexes. The results indicate no consistently observed dose-related alterations in adult behavior due to prenatal fetal exposure to 5.0 MHz ultrasound below an intensity (lsptp) of 1500 W/cm2. PMID: 7568288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 17: Biofizika. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):71-7. [Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity] [Article in Russian] Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia. The dynamics of leukocyte number and functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils under whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR, 42.0 GHz, 0.15 mW/cm2, 20 min daily) was studied. It was shown that the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils was suppressed by about 50% (p < 0.01 as compared with the sham-exposed control) in 2-3 h after the single exposure to EHF EMR. The effect persisted for 1 day after the exposure, and then the phagocytic activity of neutrophils returned to the norm within 3 days. A significant modification of the leukocyte blood profile in mice exposed to EHF EMR for 5 days was observed after the cessation of exposures: the number of leukocytes increased by 44% (p < 0.05 as compared with sham-exposed animals), mostly due to an increase in the lymphocyte content. The supposition was made that EHF EMR effects can be mediated via the metabolic systems of arachidonic acid and the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, with subsequent increase in the intracellular cAMP level. The results indicated that the whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity EHF EMR has a profound effect on the indices of nonspecific immunity. PMID: 11855293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 18: Vrach Delo. 1991 Mar;(3):49-51. [The biological activity of a decameter-range electromagnetic field with a frequency of 24 MHz] [Article in Russian] Bezdol'naia IS, Dumanskii IuD, Smolia AL. A study of behavioural reactions indicates that the effect of 24 MHz frequencies of the electromagnetic field results in changes of the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the nervous system of white rats with prevalence of inhibitory processes. By the 90-th day of effect of the above factor all changes returned to the initial level. This indicates stability of the adaptative reactions of the integrative level of the nervous system to the acting factor. PMID: 2042349 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 19: Gig Sanit. 1991 May;(5):28-30. [Late sequelae of the effect of electromagnetic field on animals] [Article in Russian] Gromyko NM, Krivodaeva OL, Zemskova VV. Simple and complex forms of behaviour, gas composition and acid-alkaline blood status in rats following exposure to the electro-static field (ESF) and iraionization, as well as in their offspring were studied. It has been found out, that ESF combined with the negative polarity air ionization damage motor and sex activity, conditioned-reflectory activity, changes blood indices. The observed disturbances in the organism of parent animals influenced fetus development. PMID: 1916334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 20: Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1979 Jan-Feb;51(1):14-7. [Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats] [Article in Russian] Faitel-berg-Blank VR, Lekhan IG. The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of 69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30 MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small intestine and serum. PMID: 425131 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 21: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Dec;64(4):731-8. Factor analysis shows that female rat behaviour is characterized primarily by activity, male rats are driven by sex and anxiety. Fernandes C, Gonzalez MI, Wilson CA, File SE. Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Neuroscience Research Centre, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, UK. This experiment explored sex differences in behaviour using factor analysis to describe the relationship between different behavioral variables. A principal component solution with an orthogonal rotation of the factor matrix was used, ensuring that the extracted factors are independent of one another, and thus reflect separate processes. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, in male rats factor 1 accounted for 75% of the variance and reflected anxiety, factor 2 represented activity, and accounted for 24% of the variance. This contrasted with the finding in female rats in which factor 1 was activity, accounting for 57% of the variance, with the anxiety factor accounting for only 34% of the variance. When behaviour in both the plus-maze and holeboard were analysed, a similar sex difference was found with anxiety emerging as factor 1 in males and holeboard activity as factor 1 in females. Locomotor activity in the inner portion of the holeboard loaded on the anxiety factor for males, but on activity for females. When behaviours in the plus-maze and sexual orientation tests were analysed, anxiety emerged as factor 1 in males, sexual preferences factor 2, and activity factor 3. In females, activity was factor 1, sexual preference factor 2, anxiety factor 3, and social interest factor 4. These results suggest caution should be exercised in interpreting the results from female rats in tests validated on males because the primary controlling factor may be different. PMID: 10593196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 22: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1997 Sep;83(9):12-21. [The action of a modulated electromagnetic field on the emotional component of the systemic organization of behavioral acts in rats] [Article in Russian] Sudakov KV. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., Moscow, Russia. Experimental findings are reviewed in respect to the effect of modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) upon emotional responses of rats accompanying various phases of systemic organisation of their behaviour. Blocking effects of the MEMF are shown in simulated self-stimulation and various conditioned types of behaviour in rats. In author's opinion, the MEMF affect the informative component of behaviour: emotions. PMID: 9487063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 23: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 Jan-Feb;43(1):75-81. [Effects of microwave radiation on conditioned behavior of rats] [Article in Russian] Zhavoronkov LP, Kolganova OI, Dubovik BV, Matrenina VL, Posadskaia VM. Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, 249036 Russia. Research has been carried out to investigate the effects of microwave exposure (7 GHz, surface energy density 10-50 mW/cm2, SAR 2.1-10.5 W/kg) on learned behaviors of rats in the paradigm of conditioned avoidance reflex. It was shown that transitory reductions in conditioned behavior after acute microwave exposure occurred at an SAR equal to the intensity of rat basal metabolism. It was found cumulative effects for intermittent exposures of rats at a power density of 10 mW/cm2. PMID: 12677663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 24: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jan-Feb;41(1):62-6. [Effect of low intensity pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation on activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum] [Article in Russian] Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292 Russia. Pashamar@rambler.ru The change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro with frequencies modulation at low intensity of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation was experimentally shown (EMR, 2375 MHz, intensity: 0.8, 8.0; 40.0 microW/cm2; range modulation: 30-310 Hz; time of interaction: 1-3 min). Revealed effects could be regarded as an evidence of informative character of interaction of modulated EMR. PMID: 11253703 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 25: Brain Res Bull. 2002 Jan 1;57(1):17-26. Learned fear, emotional reactivity and fear of heights: a factor analytic map from a large F(2) intercross of Roman rat strains. Aguilar R, Gil L, Flint J, Gray JA, Dawson GR, Driscoll P, Gimenez-Llort L, Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Tobena A. Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. raul.aguilar@uab.es Anxiety-related behaviours were evaluated across various tests in a 800 F(2)-intercross of the Roman high- and low-avoidance inbred rats. These tests either evoke unlearned (open field [OF]; plus-maze [PM]; hole-board [HB]; spontaneous activity [A]; and acoustic startle reflex [ASR]) or learned (classical fear conditioning [CFC]; and shuttlebox avoidance conditioning [SAC]), anxious/fearful responses. Using factor analysis (oblique rotation), we obtained a six-fold solution with 14 variables derived from all tests. These six factors represented SAC, CFC, PM anxiety, PM and OF activity, ASR anxiety, plus a mixed whole of anxious and activity variables (from OF and A), respectively. In searching for a smaller number of meaningful factors, we applied a three-factor solution that coherently corresponded with differentiated facets of fearfulness, rather than with the tests. Results showed that (1) measures of SAC and CFC strongly loaded onto Factor 1, labelled as "Learned Fear"; (2) a blend of almost all variables loaded onto Factor 2, called "Emotional Reactivity"; and (3) open arm behaviour in the PM loaded onto Factor 3, called "Fear of Heights." After discussing limitations of this apparently consistent behavioural map of anxiety, we advance some connections between those factors with quantitative trait loci candidates (genetic markers) as detected in the same sample. PMID: 11827733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 26: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 Jan;29(1):41-3. [Effects of pregnant exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by electric blankets on brain catecholamine and behavior in offspring mice] [Article in Chinese] Yao G, Fu Y, Lu D. Microwave Laboratory, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou. NIH pregnant mice were exposed to electromagnetic field emitted by electric blankets with 1-1.2kV/m and 0.2-0.4microT for five hours daily during their whole gestational period. Catecholamine (CA) content in the hypothalamus of their newborn offsprings was quantitatively measured with histochemical methods, and their varied behavioral activities were determined with behavioral toxicological methods. Results showed catecholamine content in exposed offsprings decreased significantly not only seven days but also 40 days after delivery as compared with the controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). PMID: 7600890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 27: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 Mar-Apr;42(2):186-90. [Dependence of microwave effect on the secondary structure of DNA on molecular weight of polynucleotide] [Article in Russian] Semin IuA, Shvartsburg LK, Zhavoronkov LP. Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Obninsk, 249036 Russia. The effect of ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (average power density 60 microW/cm2, carrying frequency 1.05; 2.12; or 2.39 GHz; modulating pulses with frequency 4 Hz) on the secondary structure of DNA was investigated. It was established that the exposure of beta-alanine and formaldehyde containing aqueous DNA solution to electromagnetic radiation had activated the process of DNA despiralization under the action of beta-alanine--formaldehyde reaction product. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the secondary structure of DNA can be removed by lowering of molecular weight of DNA to 0.46 x 10(6) (at carrying frequency 1.05 GHz), or to 0.25 x 10(3) (at carrying frequency 2.39 GHz). PMID: 12004616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 28: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;31(5):547-53. Some neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazyan AS, Chernyakov GM. Institute of Medical-Biological Problems, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Moscow. The effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves (4200 MHz, modulated with quasichaotic signals at 20-20,000 Hz, energy density 15 microW/cm2; specific energy absorption not greater than 15 mJ/kg) on the neurochemical systems of the brain and on behavioral reactions were studied in experimental animals with different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. These studies showed that electromagnetic waves produced marked changes in the state and activity of the monoaminergic mediator systems which were in general terms concordant with changes at the integrative level (mostly selective inhibitory effects). The nature of these processes depended to a significant extent on the typological characteristics of the animals. PMID: 11693480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 29: Mutat Res. 1998 Apr;410(2):185-220. Animal and cellular studies on carcinogenic effects of low frequency (50/60-Hz) magnetic fields. Loscher W, Liburdy RP. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 9637236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 30: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1989 Jan-Feb;23(1):45-7. [Effect of a hypogeomagnetic field on warm-blooded animals] [Article in Russian] Levina RV, Smirnov RV, Olimpienko TS. This paper presents the study of the effect of a 3-month exposure of adult male rats of the Wistar strain to the hypogeomagnetic field (the shielding factor = 172.5) on their behavior, learning ability, cardiovascular function and work capacity. It was found that the exposure led to a significant decrease of work capacity, endurance and behavioral activity as well as to a significant increase of heart rate and time of conditioned reflex development. The above changes remained within physiological limits due to which they can be viewed as adaptation variations. PMID: 2709751 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 31: Life Sci. 2003 Apr 18;72(22):2489-98. Combined effects of complex magnetic fields and agmatine for contextual fear learning deficits in rats. McKay BE, Persinger MA. Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Sudbury, Canada. bemckay@ucalgary.ca Acute post-training exposures to weak intensity theta-burst stimulation (TBS) patterned complex magnetic fields attenuated the magnitude of conditioned fear learning for contextual stimuli. A similar learning impairment was evoked in a linear and dose-dependent manner by pre-conditioning injections of the polyamine agmatine. The present study examined the hypothesis that whole-body applications of the TBS complex magnetic field pattern when co-administered with systemic agmatine treatment may combine to evoke impairments in contextual fear learning. Within minutes of 4 mg/kg agmatine injections, male Wistar rats were fear conditioned to contextual stimuli and immediately exposed for 30 min to the TBS patterned complex magnetic field or to sham conditions. TBS patterned complex magnetic field treatment was found to linearly summate with the contextual fear learning impairment evoked by agmatine treatment alone. Furthermore, we report for sham-treated rats, but not rats exposed to the synthetic magnetic field pattern, that the magnitude of learned fear decreased and the amount of variability in learning increased, as the K-index (a measure of change in intensity of the time-varying ambient geomagnetic field) increased during the 3-hr intervals over which conditioning and testing sessions were conducted. PMID: 12650857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 32: Behav Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;10(2):131-7. Effects of GABA-transporter (GAT) inhibitors on rat behaviour in open-field and elevated plus-maze. Schmitt U, Hiemke C. Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany. The behavioural consequences of inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake were studied. Two GABA uptake inhibitors, tiagabine and SKF 89976-A, were administered to rats, and behaviour was analysed 30 min later in a standard open field, an enriched open field, and an elevated plus-maze. Eight groups of animals received either saline (0.9%), tiagabine, or SKF 89976-A. At a dose of 18.5 mg/kg, tiagabine, an established antiseizure drug, impaired motor coordination, enhanced exploratory activity and reduced anxiety related behaviour. SKF 89976-A exhibited minimal effects over the dose range tested. These results indicate that inhibition of GABA uptake might be a pharmacological strategy to treat not only epilepsy, but also anxiety disorders. PMID: 10780826 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 33: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):403-7. [Effect of low-intensity electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency on the ultrastructure and proliferative activity of rat's thymus cells] [Article in Russian] Zhitkevich TI, Bokut' TB, Netukova NI. Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, 220072 Belarus. biblio@fizio.bas-net.by Effects of two types of low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) of industrial frequency (50 Hz) on the fine structure and proliferative activity of thymic cells in white rats were studied. It was found that a weak EMF with a prevailing electrical component (380-480 V/m, 120-140 nT1) did not affect the DNA synthesis intensity. An EMF with a stronger magnetic induction (10-15 V/m, 800-1500 nT1) diminished the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and proliferative processes in cultured stimulated lymphocytes. Electron microscopic investigation of the thymus after both types of exposure revealed an accumulation of lymphocytes with pyknotic nuclei and electron-dense cytoplasm, as well as hypoplasia of the vascular endothelium. At the same time, EMF with a prevailing magnetic component produced a more marked negative effect on the ultrastructure of thymic cells, which indicated a lowered secretory activity of epitheliocytes. PMID: 11605242 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 34: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Jul 18;133(2):323-32. Emotional changes related to age in rats--a behavioral analysis. Boguszewski P, Zagrodzka J. Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland. The present study investigated age-related differences in the emotional behavior of rats using factor analysis to identify motivational factors influencing spontaneous behavior in open field with illuminated center (OF), plus maze (EPM) and social interactions test. Animals of the same strain, bred under the same conditions, formed two experimental groups: young adults (YA, N=20) tested at the age of 4 months and old rats (OA, N=16) tested at the age of 24 months. The computer video based tracking system EthoVision was used for automated acquisition and analysis of data. The results of each test were analyzed separately for YA and OA by factor analysis. Two main independent factors emerged from the analysis of OF measures-factor 1, which appeared to reflect motor activity, and factor 2, reflecting anxiety. The measures best reflecting motor activity (distance moved in the peripheral zone) and anxiety (time spent in central zone) decreased significantly with age. Factor analysis for EPM measures revealed, in both groups, three independent factors. In YA, factor 1 reflected motor activity, factor 2-anxiety, in OA measures of anxiety loaded on factor 1, measures of activity on factor 2. Factor 3 in both groups appeared to represent a decision making process. The number of entries to the closed arms declined significantly in OA, showing an age related decrease of motor activity. Also, the ratio of open arms entries in relation to the total number of entries decreased in OA, indicating a higher anxiety level. Three independent factors emerged from the analysis of social interaction measures. The pattern of factor loading was different in young and old animals, although the number and time of social interactions did not show age-related differences. In addition to a decrease of motor activity we conclude that old rats also differ from young animals in emotional and social behavior. PMID: 12110466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 35: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995 Jun;66(6):562-7. No detectable bioeffects following acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide band electromagnetic radiation in rats. Walters TJ, Mason PA, Sherry CJ, Steffen C, Merritt JH. Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Brooks AFB, TX 78235, USA. A wide range assessment of the possible bioeffects of an acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide band (UWB) electromagnetic radiation was performed in rats. The UWB-exposure consisted of 2 min of pulsed (frequency: 60 Hz, pulse width: 5-10 ns) UWB (bandwidth: 0.25-2.50 GHz) electromagnetic radiation. Rats were examined using one of the following: 1) a functional observational battery (FOB); 2) a swimming performance test; 3) a complete panel of blood chemistries; or 4) determination of the expression of the c-fos protein in immunohistologically-stained sections of the brain. No significant differences were found between UWB- or sham-exposed rats on any of the measured parameters. PMID: 7646407 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 36: Lab Anim. 1995 Oct;29(4):380-4. Effects of gentling on open-field behaviour of Wistar rats in fear-evoking test situation. Hirsjarvi P, Valiaho T. University of Kuopio, Department of Applied Zoology, Finland. The effect of individual gentling on open-field behaviour of adult male Wistar rats was studied. Dark open-field evoked prey-like behaviour both in the gentled and in the nonhandled rats. Escape activity dominated in both groups although some habituation as a function of trials occurred. The effects of gentling were mainly seen in the quality of the fear-reaction as a result of reduced fear of human contact. Parameters that differentiated the 2 groups were middle field ambulation, middle field rearing and passive motionlessness. PMID: 8558819 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 37: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1993 Apr;54(4):186-96. Biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: in vivo studies. Anderson LE. Bioelectromagnetics, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352. This paper discusses the biological effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields observed in animal studies. Three areas of investigation are reported: (1) studies on the nervous system, including behavior and neuroendocrine function; (2) experiments on cancer development in animals; and (3) measurements of currents and electric fields induced in animal models by exposure to external magnetic fields. An attempt is made to evaluate experimental results and interpret them with respect to potential health implications. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 8480634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 38: Sci Total Environ. 1996 Feb 2;180(1):35-42. Experimental study of the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on animals with soft tissue wounds. Detlavs I, Dombrovska L, Turauska A, Shkirmante B, Slutskii L. Latvian Medical Academy, National Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Riga. The effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) was studied on Wistar rats with excised full-thickness dermal wounds in the interscapular region. The wounded regions of experimental animals were subjected to EMF for 30 min daily during the first 5 days after wound infliction. Control animals received no treatment. We used RF EMF with (1) frequency 53.53 GHz without modulation; (2) frequency 42.19 GHz without modulation; (3) frequency 42.19 GHz, but with a frequency modulation band 200-MHz wide. On the 7th day the animals were terminated and the granulation-fibrous tissue (GFT) developed in the wounds was subjected to complex quantitative biochemical analysis. RF EMF without frequency modulation decreased the amounts of glycoprotein macromolecules, diminishing the inflammatory exudation. In striking contrast, under the influence of RF EMF with frequency modulation, hexoses and especially sialic acid concentrations were significantly elevated (P < 0.001). This indicated intensification of exudative phenomena. As a consequence of inflammation inhibition in the treatment without frequency modulation, the total collagen accumulation was lowered. However, when frequency was modulated, the inflammatory phenomena were intensified, and pronounced accumulation of collagenous proteins was noted. Thus, our experiments confirm the effects of non-thermal EMF on the reparative-proliferative processes of animals with soft tissue wounds. PMID: 8717318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 39: Behav Neurosci. 2001 Apr;115(2):429-36. Dimensions of emotionality in a rat model of innate anxiety. Ohl F, Toschi N, Wigger A, Henniger MS, Landgraf R. Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. ohl@mpipsykl.mpg.de Emotionality is thought to be multidimensional, with "anxiety" representing one dimension. Dissecting emotional dimensions in animal models is an essential prerequisite for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie anxiety. The authors used factor analysis to investigate emotional dimensions in normal rats and rats bred for either high or low anxiety-related behavior. Hyperanxious rats were reduced in emotional dimensions in the elevated plus-maze by selection pressure, and a modified hole board test revealed a dissection of their emotionality with precisely defined dimensions. This enabled clear differentiation of "anxiety" from other emotional dimensions including risk assessment behavior and exploration. Factors extracted by analyzing data from a multiple-test battery corresponded to particular test characteristics rather than to emotional dimensions. The approach used might help to develop specific treatment strategies for anxiety disorders. PMID: 11345967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 40: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):348-51. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on health. Jain SC, Tyagi K. Centre for Environment & Explosive Safety, Metcalfe House, Delhi. This paper gives a brief review of the physical interaction and bio-effects of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) along with guidelines on limits of exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10844987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 41: Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Jun;30:115-21. Study of nonionizing microwave radiation effects upon the central nervous system and behavior reactions. Shandala MG, Dumanskii UD, Rudnev MI, Ershova LK, Los IP. The biologic effect of an electromagnetic field of a frequency of 2375 +/- 50 MHz was studied in rats and rabbits in specially constructed absorbant chambers. The results of the investigations have shown that microwave radiation of 10, 50, 500 mu W/cm2 for 30 days, 7 hr/day, causes a number of changes in bioelectric brain activity and also in behavioral immunological, and cytochemical reactions. It was found that levels of 10 and 50 mu W/cm2 stimulate the electric brain activity at the initial stage of irradiation, while a level of 500 mu W/cm2 causes its suppression, as seen from the increase of slow, high amplitude delta-waves. At 500 mu W/cm2 a decrease in capacity of work, in value of unconditioned feeding stimulus, in investigating activity, electronic irradiation threshold, and in inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity were also observed. PMID: 446442 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 42: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):878-83. [The dynamics of the manifestation of behavioral audiogenic seizure activity in rats under the action of a modulated and a nonmodulated electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Konovalov VF, Serikov IS. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino. It was shown that the electromagnetic field of low intensity modifies the evoked epileptiform seizure activity in rats. Cumulative effect of the electromagnetic field persisted over the course of 6 months. It was suggested that inhibition of the increased motor activity under exposure to electromagnetic field is caused by the involvement of dopaminergic brain systems and development of the resonance effects in cortico-subcortical brain structures under the influence of modulated electromagnetic fields. PMID: 11085003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 43: Lik Sprava. 1995 Jul-Aug;(7-8):37-9. [The cytogenetic action of electromagnetic fields in the short-wave range] [Article in Russian] Timchenko OI, Ianchevskaia NV. Electromagnetic field (EMF) at a frequency of 24 or 14 MEGC and intensity of 400 or 200 V/m, increases numbers of hepatocytes from rats with chromosomal aberrations 1.4-1.5-fold. The magnitude of the response does not appear to change with the increase in the field intensity EMF at the above frequencies and intensity of 100 V/m does not cause any cytogenetic effects. No such effects were notable with EMF-frequency of 4 MEGC. PMID: 8846369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 44: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2002 Jan-Feb;21(1):90-1. EMF cancer scares: epidemiology versus body power. Deutsch S. deutsch@eng.usf.edu PMID: 11935994 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 45: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1994 Jun;80(6):50-62. [Intersystemic functional integration under the action on the body of electromagnetic factors] [Article in Russian] Vediaev FP, Samokhvalov VG. Frequency zones of the brain electrical activity, heart rate and respiration were studied through certain parameters characterised by individual asymmetry and low but stable intersystemic integration. Chronic electromagnetic irradiation reduced a resistance against an emotional stress as manifested in a "decay" of individual spatial-temporal infrastructure of informational parameters of the EEG, heart rate and respiration. PMID: 7531066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 46: Peptides. 2001 Jul;22(7):1031-6. Comparison of neurokinin SP with diazepam in effects on memory and fear parameters in the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm. Echeverry MB, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Tomaz C. Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. The elevated T-maze was combined with a free exploration protocol, which, in contrast to the conventional procedure, dispenses with handling of the animals during the experimental sessions. This allows measurement of fear indexes derived from the elevated plus-maze as well as assessment of acquisition of open arm avoidance and open arm escape in one continuous session. Retention of the different fear-responses is measured 72 h later without drug treatment. In order to assess the effects of two known anxiolytics in this paradigm, rats received an IP injection of diazepam (1 to 4 mg/kg), substance P (5 to 500 microg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg) and were tested on the T-maze for 5 min. Diazepam elevated open arm activity, indicative of an anxiolytic effect. The drug also increased the latency to escape from the open arms, but did not significantly affect acquisition of open arm avoidance. During the retention trial, diazepam in higher doses impaired the performance of both fear-responses, suggestive of an anterograde amnesic effect. Substance P did not influence acquisition and retention of open arm avoidance and escape. However, in high doses, the peptide increased the sojourn time in the central arena of the maze, indicating reduced fear and, hence, a dissociation between anxiolytic and amnesic effects. The present findings demonstrate that the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm is sensitive to anxiolytic and memory-modulating effects of drugs. PMID: 11445230 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 47: Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol. 1995 Sep-Dec;31(5-6):573-83. [A comparative histochemical study of cytochrome oxidase activity in the somatosensory and auditory brain centers in the normal rat and after exposure to superhigh-frequency electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Krasnoshchekova EI, Rumiantseva TA, Kulikov GA. Using histochemical method mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (CO) in acoustic and somatosensory centers of rat brain has been studied to reveal CO activity distribution in norm and after impulse-modulated high-ultra-high frequency influence. After ultra-high frequency influence the increase of enzymic activity in a number of regions of rat brain centers with relationship to processing ecologically important sensory signals is revealed. PMID: 8714296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 48: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Apr;71(4):581-7. Anxiogenic-like effect of serotonin(1B) receptor stimulation in the rat elevated plus-maze. Lin D, Parsons LH. Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, Division of Psychopharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. lparsons@scripps.edu Perturbations in serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission have been implicated in several psychiatric illnesses including depression and anxiety disorders. It is not yet clear, however, which of the 14 currently identified 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain participate in the regulation of emotional states. This study investigates a role for the 5-HT(1B) receptor subtype in anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze paradigm in rats. The selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-5-propoxypyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP 94,253; 1--5.6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the amount of exploration on the open arms of the plus-maze without altering overall locomotor activity. This 5-HT(1B) agonist-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior was dose-dependently reversed by coadministration of the selective 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-biphenyl]-amide (GR 127,935). There was no significant effect of GR 127,935 administration alone on plus-maze behavior. These results indicate that 5-HT(1B) receptor activation increases anxiety-like behavioral responses as measured by the elevated plus-maze. Since 5-HT(1B) receptors modulate the activity of multiple neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in anxiety disorders, these findings suggest that this receptor subtype may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety. PMID: 11888549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 49: Phytomedicine. 2000 Jun;7(3):199-203. Agastache mexicana may produce anxiogenic-like actions in the male rat. Molina-Hernandez M, Tellez-Alcantara P, Martinez E. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. mimoli@bugs.invest.uv.mx Behavioral effects of a water-soluble extract of Agastache mexicana, a plant with purported anxiolytic actions, were studied in male Wistar rats. In the elevated plus-maze test, various doses of the plant extract (3.0 mg/kg body wt.; 9.0 mg/kg body wt.; 12.0 mg/kg body wt.) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) decreased the exploration of open arms, showing an anxiogenic-like effect. Agastache mexicana (12 mg/kg body wt.; i.p.) did not change immobility in the forced swimming test (i.e., had no anti-depressant effect) but increased the anti-immobility action of 32.0 mg/kg body wt. (i.p.) of desipramine (i.e., increased the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine). A. mexicana had no effect on exploratory activity in an open field test, indicating that it had no sedative effect at the doses used. It is concluded that effects of the water extract of A. mexicana are more consistent with an anxiogenic-like property than an anxiolytic-like one. PMID: 11185730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 50: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1999 May-Jun;(3):11-4. [Changes in the proteinase-inhibitor system of rats with hyperlipoproteinemia during transcerebral exposures to a 100-Hz-frequency pulse current and to an ultrahigh-frequency field] [Article in Russian] Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Chabanenko SS. Experiments on 36 male rats with experimental hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated that transcerebral exposure to impulse current (100 Hz, 2mA) aggravates atherogenic alterations, provokes hyperactivation of kallikrein-kinin system and unbalance of elastase inhibitory activity in the serum and myocardium. The latter may contribute to better vascular permeability for low-density lipoproteins, to development of edema of vascular intima, lability of cellular and lysosomal membranes with hydrolysis of elastine and collagen fibers of myocardial vessels and other organs. Transcerebral exposure to electromagnetic UHF field (40.68 MHz) is not hypolipidemic but has no negative effect on experimental atherosclerosis, promotes normalization of kallikrein-kinin system in the serum, activation of this system in the myocardium and cerebral cortex, correction of destructive processes in the serum and cerebral cortex with a risk of their development in the myocardium. PMID: 10429563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 51: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975 Apr;89(2):183-8. Avoidance by rats of illumination with low power nonionizing electromagnetic energy. Frey AH, Feld SR. Rats spent more time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from illumination by 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded. In Experiment 1, rats avoided the energy when it was presented as 30-musec pulses with a pulse repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (pps). The average power density was about .6 mW/cm2, and the peak power density was about 200 mW/cm2. In Experiment 2, the energy was presented both continuously and in pulse-modulated form, i.e., .5-msec exponentially decaying pulses at a rate of 1,000 pps. The average power density of the continuous energy was 2.4 mW/cm2, and the average power density of the pulse-modulated energy was .2 mW/cm2. The peak power density of the modulated energy was 2.1 mW/cm2. The rats avoided the pulsed energy, but not the continuous energy. PMID: 1133237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 52: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1977 Aug;84(8):146-9. [Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Sudakov KV, Antimonii GD. Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50 Hz, intensity 100--120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal cortico-subcortical relationships. PMID: 561631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 53: Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000 Aug;130(8):746-8. Emotional state and one-trial learning in OXYS rats with hereditarily elevated production of oxygen radicals. Loskutova LV, Kolosova NG. Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk. Comparative analysis of unconditioned and conditioned behavior of Wistar and prematurely aging OXYS rats revealed that the latter have significantly reduced locomotor and exploratory activities, increased anxiety in the elevated plus-maze test, spatial disorientation, and abnormal associative learning. OXYS rats can be used as a biological model for studying molecular, neurobiological, and neurochemical mechanisms of brain aging. PMID: 11177232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 54: Z Naturforsch [C]. 1994 May-Jun;49(5-6):352-8. Resonance effect of low-intensity millimeter waves on the chromatin conformational state of rat thymocytes. Belyaev SYa, Kravchenko VG. Scientific Research Center Vidguk, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Russia. The method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) was modified for the study of the changes in the chromatin conformational state (CCS) of rat thymocytes of the Wistar line. The response of the thymocytes of male rats to low-intensity millimeter waves (MMW) was examined. It was shown that MMW at power densities (PD) of 1 microW/cm2 produced a resonance effect on the CCS in the frequency range of 41.56-41.67 GHz. The resonance frequency of the cell response did not vary significantly among five examined rats and was determined to be 41.61 +/- 0.01 GHz. A halfwidth of resonances was averaged to 40 MHz. The power dependence of the resonance effect was measured in the range of 10(-11)-10(-4) W/cm2. Statistically significant changes in CCS were registered, starting with 10(-9) W/cm2. Right- and left-handed circularly polarized MMW were shown to differ in efficiency at the resonance frequency. The established regularities in the thymocyte response to low-intensity MMW was very similar to those which have been previously found for E. coli cells. PMID: 8060460 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 55: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):399-402. [Effect of low-frequency pulse-modulated 460 MHz electromagnetic irradiation on Drosophila embryos] [Article in Russian] Bol'shakov MA, Kniazeva IR, Lindt TA, Evdokimov EV. Tomsk State University, 634050 Russia. physiol@bio.tsu.ru Effect of electromagnetic radiation 460 MHz with 2.5-40 Hz pulse modulation rate on Drosophila embryos of 15 h 10 m age was studied. It was demonstrated that a 5-min irradiation with 0.12 W/kg average SAR (3 W/kg pulsed SAR) alters the Drosophila percentage of interrupted development. The effect strength depended on the modulation rate with a pronounced decrease at 10 and 16 Hz. A hypothesis about the presence of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of action of pulse-modulated microwave radiation diversely effecting the embryos has been put forward and grounded. PMID: 11605241 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 56: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1993 Mar-Apr;43(2):398-406. [The effect of different motor regimens modulating spontaneous activity on rat behavior] [Article in Russian] Kulikov VP, Kiselev VI, Konev IV. A method was developed of non-stressful modulation of spontaneous motor activity of rats. Restraint of mobility was found to inhibit spontaneous activity. Physiological stimulation of muscle activity by means of complication of food-procuring behaviour was accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity. Physiological stimulation of motor activity was characterized by stability of orienting-exploratory behaviour, emotional reactivity, expression of "freedom response", the best learning and working abilities of the animals. Regimes with imposing or restriction of muscle activity favoured the inhibition of spontaneous activity and the decrease of efficiency of adaptive behaviour. Motor regimes accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity were found to be optimal for adaptive behaviour. PMID: 8317168 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 57: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):207-9. [The delayed effects of modulated and non-modulated electromagnetic field on epileptiformic activity in rats] [Article in Russian] Konovalov VF, Serikov IS. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Russia. The modifying influence of the weak electromagnetic field on the development of the audiogenic spasmodic activity in rats was shown. The decrease of lifetime of experimental rats exposed to electromagnetic fields with different parameters and development of tumours (in one set of experiments) was found. PMID: 11402555 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 58: Acta Med Austriaca. 2000;27(3):69-77. [Electromagnetic fields--effects on health] [Article in German] Stepansky R, Jahn O, Windischbauer G, Zeitlhofer J. Universitatsklinik fur Neurologie, Wien. This literature review shows the current knowledge of health effects on humans concerning static, low frequency electric and magnetic fields and high frequency electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz. Basic physical knowledge and the current thresholds are demonstrated. Different frequency ranges of electromagnetic fields, their natural and technical origins and the different biological effects, especially possible hazards such as cancerogenity or risks for the brain, are discussed. Open questions and future research aspects are demonstrated. Finally electrosensibility and psychological aspects are shown. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10897385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 59: Life Sci. 2002 Mar 1;70(15):1751-62. Validation of a behavioral recording automated system in the elevated plus-maze test. Torres C, Escarabajal MD. Departamento de Psicologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion, Universidad de Jaen, Spain. mctorres@ujaen.es The elevated plus-maze test has been widely used for screening of anxiolytic drugs and for exploring neurobiological bases of anxiety. In this study, we validated a new automated system that enables to record exploratory behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. This system, called cyberplus, consisted of ten pairs of photoelectric cells strategically located in several parts of the apparatus, and seemed to be sensitive to the position of the animal's forepaws, so it would yield scores in anxiety measurements and locomotor activity similar to those obtained by following the traditional procedure, that is, by analyzing videotapes by experienced observers. In order to assess this hypothesis, we exposed rats to the elevated plus-maze test and compared the scores obtained by cyberplus with the values recorded by two independent observers, conducting a correlational study with both kinds of recording procedures. The results obtained suggest the utility of cyberplus as a behavioral recording automated system in the elevated plus-maze test, making data collection and data analysis easier in exploring pharmacological and neurobiological bases of anxiety. Publication Types: Validation Studies PMID: 12002520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 60: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2002 Nov-Dec;52(6):743-9. [Behavioral consequences of isolation in early ontogeny in rats: selectivity of anxiety conditions] [Article in Russian] Khonicheva NM, Czabak-Garbacz R, Krupina NA. Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Multiparameter scale for evaluation of anxiety-phobic state in rats reveals significant enhancement of anxiety in rat pups after 6-week isolation (beginning from the 21st day from birth) as compared to grouped controls of the same litter: the locomotion and exploration that appear in test areas are suppressed, and species-specific fear reactions are enhanced. These changes considered as signs of situational anxiety are not eliminated by 2.5-month keeping in groups. Nevertheless, they are not correlated with parameters of the acoustic startle reflex that (by the data of literature) is thought to be related with fear and anxiety. On the basis of the discrepancy it is proposed that state of anxiety is selective. This suggestion is confirmed by individual behavioral variations characterized by a combination of a low level of situational anxiety and a high level of acoustic anxiety observed in both experimental and control groups. These variations may explain the existence of atypical "emotional resonance"-like behavior according to P.V. Simonov. Attention is given to selectively enhanced acoustic startle reflex in the group of active control as an evidence for critical importance of any manipulations with social context in early ontogeny. PMID: 12528379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 61: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Apr;154(4):336-42. Lack of consistent behavioural effects of Maudsley reactive and non-reactive rats in a number of animal tests of anxiety and activity. Paterson A, Whiting PJ, Gray JA, Flint J, Dawson GR. Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK. RATIONALE: A number of previous studies have reported that the Maudsley reactive (MR/Har) and non-reactive (MNRA/Har) strains of rats show behavioural and physiological differences consistent with the hypothesis that these strains differ in emotionality and could therefore be considered a model of trait anxiety in humans. OBJECTIVES: We sought to confirm this observation by determining their behaviour in various animal models of conditioned and unconditioned fear. METHODS: Both strains were evaluated in the open field (OF), conditioned avoidance (CA), elevated plus maze (EPM) and fear-potentiated startle (FPS) tests. In the OF the behaviour of both strains was consistent with previous results showing that reactive rats had significantly higher levels of defecation and lower levels of activity than the non-reactive rats. However, there were no significant strain differences in CA responses or in the time spent on the open arms of the EPM. In addition, the full benzodiazepine receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide, induced quantitatively similar effects in both strains of rats. In the FPS test, MNRA/Hars had a higher baseline level of startle and fear potentiation than the MR/Har rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that the behaviour of MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats in some models of conditioned and unconditioned fear is inconsistent with that predicted by their behaviour in the OF test, suggesting that they are not a model of trait fear. PMID: 11349385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 62: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1999 Nov-Dec;49(6):1039-45. [The effect of different stages of the sex cycle on rat behavior in a plus maze] [Article in Russian] Vinogradova EP. Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, St.-Petersburg State University. Anxiety and motor activity of female white rats in the elevated plus-maze were studied at different stages of the reproduction cycle (estrus, diestrus, pregnancy and lactation). The level of anxiety was lower, and that of locomotor and exploratory activity was higher during estrus and lactation than during diestrus and pregnancy. Exposure to chronic pain of threshold intensity did not induce behavioral changes in pregnant rats. There was no difference between the control and experimental animals in the level of plasma corticosterone. PMID: 10693284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 63: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1995 Jan-Feb;35(1):29-35. [Motor activity of rabbits in conditions of chronic low-intensity pulse microwave irradiation] [Article in Russian] Grigor'ev IuG, Luk'ianova SN, Makarov VP, Rynskov VV, Moiseeva NV. Motor activity of rabbits under daily thirty-minute irradiation (1.5 GHz, pulse duration 16 ms, pulse recurrence frequency 0.12 Hz, pulse intensity 0.3 mw/cm2) for one month was studied. From 14th day the reliable disadaptation changes such as an anxiety and alarm reaction were found. The importance of prolonged irradiation is noted. PMID: 7719427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 64: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Oct;21(7):524-37. Neural and behavioral teratological evaluation of rats exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic fields. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Mason PA, Dooley MP, Miller SA, Ziriax JM, Murphy MR. Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks AFB, Texas 78235-5324, USA. Brenda.Cobb@AFRLARS.Brooks.af.mil Several investigators have reported teratologic effects of electromagnetic field exposure. The majority of these studies have been performed at levels of exposure that could produce substantial heating of the animals. New and unique sources of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic fields are currently being developed and tested that are capable of generating nonthermalizing, high-peak-power, microwave (MW) pulses with nanosecond (ns) pulse widths, picosecond (ps) rise times, and an UWB of frequencies. Our study was performed to determine if teratological changes occur in rat pups as a result of (i) daily UWB exposures during gestation days 3-18, or (ii) as a result of both prenatal and postnatal (10 days) exposures. Dams were exposed either to (i) UWB irradiation from a Kentech system that emitted a 55 kV/m-peak E field, 300 ps rise time, and a 1.8 ns pulse width, average whole-body specific absorption rate 45 mW/kg; (ii) sham irradiation; or (iii) a positive control, lead (Pb) acetate solution (2000 microg/ml) continuously available in the drinking water. Offspring were examined for ontogeny (litter size, sex-ratios, weights, coat appearance, tooth-eruption, eye-opening, air-righting, and ultrasonic stress vocalizations). Male pups were tested on various performance measures (locomotor, water-maze learning, and fertilization capabilities). The pups postnatally exposed were examined for hippocampal morphology and operant behavior. Behavioral, functional, and morphological effects of UWB exposure were unremarkable with these exceptions: (i) The UWB-exposed pups emitted significantly more stress vocalizations than the sham-exposed pups; (ii) the medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in the UWB-exposed pups than in the sham-exposed animals; (iii) male offspring exposed in utero to UWB mated significantly less frequently than sham-exposed males, but when they did mate there was no difference in fertilization and offspring numbers from the sham group. There does not appear to be a unifying physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences observed, and our findings could be due to the expected spurious results derived when a large number of statistical comparisons are made. Significant effects found between our positive-controls and other groups on numerous measures indicates that the techniques used were sensitive enough to detect teratological effects. Bioelectromagnetics 21:524-537, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 11015117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 65: Radiat Res. 2001 Feb;155(2):369-77. Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: lack of effects on mammary tumors. Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM. Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, USA. It has been suggested that chronic, low-level exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation may promote the formation of tumors. Previous studies, however, showed that low-level, long-term exposure of mammary tumor-prone mice to 435 MHz or 2450 MHz RF radiation did not affect the incidence of mammary tumors. In this study, we investigated the effects of exposure to a unique type of electromagnetic energy: pulses composed of an ultra-wideband (UWB) of frequencies, including those in the RF range. One hundred C3H/HeJ mice were exposed to UWB pulses (rise time 176 ps, fall time 3.5 ns, pulse width 1.9 ns, peak E-field 40 kV/m, repetition rate 1 kHz). Each animal was exposed for 2 min once a week for 12 weeks. One hundred mice were used as sham controls. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms in all tissues studied (lymphoreticular tissue, thymus, respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive, mammary and endocrine systems, and skin). Our major finding was the lack of effects of UWB-pulse exposure on promotion of mammary tumors in a well-established animal model of mammary cancer. PMID: 11175673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 66: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2001 Oct;87(10):1450-6. [Interleukin-1beta and depressive states] [Article in Russian] Zubareva OE, Efremov OM, Simbirtsev AS, Klimenko VM. Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., St. Petersburg, 197376, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, Russia. Administration of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in pyrogenic and subpyrogenic doses induced a depression of social and exploratory behaviour in rats. A reduction in locomotor activity only occurred with pyrogenic doses of the IL-1 beta. The low dose induced the reduction whereas the high dose the increase of anxiety in elevated plus maze. The opposite effects of two doses of IL-1 beta were observed also in a test with saccharine. PMID: 11767459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 67: Pol J Occup Med. 1988;1(4):329-39. Influence of a static magnetic field on the reproductive function, certain biochemical indices and behaviour of rats. Grzesik J, Bortel M, Duda D, Kuska R, Ludyga K, Michnik J, Smolka B, Sowa B, Trzeciak H, Zielinski G. PMID: 2979568 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 68: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):30-2. [Hygienic evaluation and the problems of standardization of magnetic fields with the frequency of 50 Hz] [Article in Russian] Ziubanova LF, Karamyshev VB, Shestakov VG. It is established that some kinds of technological equipment are the sources of the magnetic fields with the frequency of 50 Hz, their biologic activity being identified. Hygienic classification and approaches to differentiated standardization of the above factor are suggested with account of time and energetic parameters. PMID: 2599398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 69: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2000 Sep;86(9):1167-74. [Effect of immunization to cholecystokinin fragment (30-33) on the behavior of albino rats] [Article in Russian] Danilova RA, Rud'ko OI, Korotkova TM, Obukhova MF, Ashmarin IP. Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory. Active immunisation of albino rats by the BSA-conjugated CCK-4 induced formation of antibodies to the CCK-4 and some long-term changes of the rat behaviour. These changes were contrary to anxiogenic effect of the CCK-4 and demonstrated an anxiolytic effect of the immunisation. The data obtained suggest a possibility of an immunocorrection of pathological anxiety and fear by an inverse immunoregulation. PMID: 11081222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 70: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1976 Sep-Oct;26(5):899-909. [Modulated electromagnetic field as a factor of selective influence on animal mechanisms of goal-directed behavior] [Article in Russian] Sudakov KV. Proceeding from P.K. Anokhin's theory of the functional systems, the paper considers the action of a modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on different stages of the central architectonics of purposeful behaviour of rats: afferent synthesis, decisions making, acceptor of the action results. The action of MEMF was studied in different experimental situations: choice of an alimentary or defensive reaction to one conditioned stimulus in different situations; extinction of conditioned alimentary reactions; elaboration and extinction of alimentary conditioned reactions in animals group contacts; choice of the side of reinforcement in a T-shaped maze, and, lastly, self-stimulation reactions. The experiments have shown that MEMF has a selective effect on the animals' emotional reactions. Greater disturbances are observed in the mechanisms of the animals' appraisal of the action of situational and trigger stimuli or surrounding individuals of their species and, hence, of decisions making and anticipation of future results of the action, the acceptor of the action results. PMID: 997935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 71: Med Pr. 1981;32(6):393-402. [Glycosaminoglycans in the brain of rats subjected to electromagnetic field action] [Article in Polish] Matych S. Investigations on changes of glucosaminoglycans content were carried out in the brain of the rats irradiated once (30 min.) or several times (2-6 hours daily). The following frequencies of e-m fields were used: 2880 MHz (pulse modulation 1000 Hz, pulse duration 1,5 mus); 150 MHz (50 V/m); 175 MHz (150 V/m); 3000 MHz c.w. continuous wave). Control groups of animals were not subject to irradiation. Statistically significant increase of GAG content was found in the brain of the rats, irradiated in e-m field of frequency 2880 MHz in comparison with GAG concentration in the controls. In the brains of animals exposed to e-m fields of frequencies 150 and 175 MHz a statistically significant decrease of GAG content was noted in comparison with GAG content in the controls. Whereas e-m field of frequency 3000 MHz c.w. did not induce statistically significant changes in GAG content in experimental animals as compared with the controls. PMID: 6804742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 72: Biofizika. 2002 Jul-Aug;47(4):759-68. [A study of absorption of energy of the extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation in the rat skin by various dosimetric methods and approaches] [Article in Russian] Gapeev AB, Sokolov PA, Chemeris NK. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia. Using experimental and theoretical methods of dosimetry, the energy absorption of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in the skin of laboratory rats was analyzed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the skin was determined on the basis of both microthermometric measurements of initial rates of temperature rise in rat skin induced by the exposure and microcalorimetric measurements of specific heat of the skin. Theoretical calculations of SAR in the skin were performed with consideration for dielectric parameters of rat skin obtained from the measurements of the standing wave ratio upon reflection of electromagnetic waves from the skin surface and for the effective area of stationary overheating measured by infrared thermography. A numerical method was developed to determine electromagnetic wave energy reflected, absorbed, and transmitted in the model of flat layers. The algorithm of the method was realized in a computer program and used to calculate SAR in the skin on the basis of the complex dielectric constant of rat skin. The SAR values obtained from experimental measurements, theoretical calculations and numerical analysis are in good mutual correspondence and make about 220-280 W/kg at a frequency of 42.25 GHz and a power of 20 mW at the radiator output. The results obtained can be used for dosimetric supply of biomedical experiments on studying the physicochemical mechanisms of the biological effects of EHF EMR. PMID: 12298218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 73: Gig Sanit. 1991 Aug;(8):52-3. [Behavioral effects of the combined chronic action of 9375 and 1765 MHz microwaves] [Article in Russian] Navakatikian MA, Nikitina NG, Zotov SV. Combined pulse-discrete microwave irradiation (9375 and 1765 MHz, irradiance flux density to 375 microW/cm2, by 12 h/day for 4 months) caused faint inhibition of CNS in locomotion activity and defensive reflex parameters. PMID: 1937100 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 74: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):722-6. [Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency on the animal body within the framework of total low-dose x-ray irradiation] [Article in Russian] Gubkina EA, Kushnir AE, Bereziuk SK, Potapov VA, Lepekhin EA. Effect of low-intensive electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (EMR EHF) on the rats, subjected to the low-dose X-ray irradiation (6.192 mC/rg) was investigated. Content of glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as glucose content and activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase was studied. It was shown than EMR EHF modifies the X-ray irradiation effect: filament GFAP concentration in brain and glucose content in serum were restored. The authors suggest central nervous system participation in realization of EMR EHF effects on the organism. PMID: 9019284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 75: Radiobiologiia. 1987 Jul-Aug;27(4):567-9. [Effect of electromagnetic fields of UHF range on dopamine-dependent behavior of rabbits] [Article in Russian] Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF, Podol'skii IIa. SHF radiation of low intensity does not influence on a stereotyped behaviour of rabbits induced by a dopamine receptor stimulator, apomorphine. However, 10% of animals exhibited a marked decrease in the test-response after SHF-irradiation (16 Hz) which was perhaps associated with the increased individual sensitivity of some animals to SHF-radiation. PMID: 3628743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 76: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1998 Nov-Dec;48(6):1043-50. [The characteristics of the effect of tuftsin on the behavior and on the level of biogenic amines in the brain of rats with differing resistance to acoustic stress] [Article in Russian] Ismailova KhIu, Semenova TP, Iskanderova MD, Fast AE. Karaev Institute of Physiology, Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, Baku. The influence of tetrapeptide tuftsin (Tyr-Lys-Pro-Arg) on learning, exploratory activity, emotional behavior, and hypothalamic monoamine content was studied in Wistar rats with different resistance to stress induced by acoustic stimuli. Positive effects of taftsin were more pronounced in low-resistant rats. Administration of taftsin induced in these animals a significant increase in reactivity to stimuli of different modalities, the open-field exploratory activity, rate of alimentary conditioning and its modification in emotionally negative situation. Biochemical examinations showed that in rats with high resistance to stress taftsin administration led to a decrease in hypothalamic noradrenaline level and increase in dopamine and serotonin levels. On the contrary, in low-resistant animals taftsin increased the level of noradrenaline and decreased that of dopamine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. It is suggested that different behavioral effects of taftsin in stress-resistant and nonresistant rats are caused by its different influence on hypothalamic biogenic amines. PMID: 9929913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 77: Biofizika. 2000 Jan-Feb;45(1):130-6. [Changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activity during in vitro exposure to amplitude-modulated electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency (2375 MHz) in guinea pigs] [Article in Russian] Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia. The activity of alkaline phosphatase by the action of pulse-modulated microwave radiation was studied. The carrier frequency of radiation was 2375 MHz, the range of modulation pulse rate was 10-390 Hz with the on-off time ratio 2, and the specific absorption rate was 8 and 0.8 microW/cm2. Time of exposure was 1 and 3 min under conditions of continuous temperature control. It was shown that the activity of alkaline phosphatase depends on both modulation frequency and intensity of superhigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation. At a frequency of 70 Hz, the activity of alkaline phosphatases increased 1.8-2.0 times. PMID: 10732222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 78: Gig Sanit. 1983 Mar;(3):86-9. [Age-related sensitivity of the body of an animal to superhigh-frequency electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Koziarin IP, Shvaiko II. PMID: 6852577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 79: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Oct;20(7):453-8. Erratum in: Bioelectromagnetics 2000 Jan;21(1):73. Power frequency fields promote cell differentiation coincident with an increase in transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression. Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Keeping H, Wang S, Capuano A, Polk C. Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University School of Medicine Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA. Recent information from several laboratories suggest that power frequency fields may stimulate cell differentiation in a number of model systems. In this way, they may be similar to pulsed electromagnetic fields, which have been used therapeutically. However, the effects of power frequency fields on phenotypic or genotypic expression have not been explained. This study describes the ability of power frequency fields to accelerate cell differentiation in vivo and describes dose relationships in terms of both amplitude and exposure duration. No change in proliferation or cell content were observed. A clear dose relationship, in terms of both amplitude and duration of exposure, was determined with the maximal biological response occurring at 0.1 mT and 7-9 h/day. Because this study was designed to explore biological activity at environmental exposure levels, this exposure range does not necessarily define optimal dosing conditions from the therapeutic point of view. This study reports the stimulation by power frequency fields of transforming growth factor-beta, an important signalling cytokine known to regulate cell differentiation. The hypothesis is raised that the stimulation of regulatory cytokines by electromagnetic fields may be an intermediary mechanism by which these fields have their biological activity. PMID: 10495311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 80: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1976 Jun;47(6):644-8. Effect of electromagnetic pulse on avoidance behavior and electroencephalogram of a rhesus monkey. Mattsson JL, Oliva SA. A 12-kg male rhesus monkey was exposed to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at 266 kv/m, 5 pulses/s, for 1 h (18,700 pulses). The effects of EMP on Sidman avoidance behavior and on post-exposure electroencephalogram were evaluated, and no significant changes were detected. An analysis of an EMP showed that it contained various frequency components extending from 0 Hz to 10(9) Hz. However, the pulse configuration was such that its power was mainly confined to the longer wave-lengths (less than 30 MHz). The lack of biologic effect was attributed to the fact that the wavelengths were long relative to the size of the monkey, and little energy deposition was likely to occur. In addition, the electric field was evenly distributed across all lower frequencies so that only a very small electric field component existed at any specific low frequency. PMID: 820328 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 81: Bioelectromagnetics. 1989;10(1):111-3. Intensity threshold for 60-Hz magnetically induced behavioral changes in rats. Liboff AR, Thomas JR, Schrot J. Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401. Experiments were conducted to further investigate the effect of 60-Hz cyclotron-resonance exposures on rats performing on a multiple FR-DRL schedule. The previously reported temporary loss of DRL baseline response, when measured as a function of A.C. magnetic intensity, was found to have a threshold. Utilizing the component of A.C. magnetic intensity parallel to the D.C. field, we report this threshold as (0.27 +/- 0.10) x 10(-4) Trms. PMID: 2712836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 82: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1998 Oct;84(10):1100-7. [Anxiety-inducing and -inhibiting agents: differential effect of pentagastrins on the white rat behavior] [Article in Russian] Danilova RA, Fedorova IM, Rud'ko OI, Kushnir EA, Ashmarin IP. Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory, Russia. Parenteral administration of des-BOC-Pentagastrin induced the anxiety and fear manifestations, depressing also explorative behaviour in open field experiments in rats. Intranasal administration evoked similar effects, whereas pentagastrin reduced the anxiety level, increasing explorative behaviour. Pentagastrin and des-BOC-Pentagastrin displayed antagonism at the receptor level. PMID: 10097277 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 83: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1991 Feb;111(2):165-8. [Changes in the emotionally conditioned behavior of rats under the influence of the hexapeptide fragment GLLDLK of the protein inhibitor of diazepam binding] [Article in Russian] Zhdanova IV, Kordzadze RN, Pliashkevich IuG. It is shown that suboccipital injection of 100 micrograms of the gexapeptide GLLDLK (the fragment of endogenous peptide--the inhibitor of diazepam binding) modified (for 1-3 days) the emotionally conditioned behaviour of the rats (the test of "emotional resonance"). This modification was realized in some reinforcement of different behavioural patterns and had signs of anxiety and depression. In the test "social hierarchy" the injection of GLLDLK didn't change significantly the hierarchy in the whole rat society, but in the recipient behaviour the exploratory activity has been changed, the time of grooming increased and the quantity of social contacts decreased. PMID: 1854959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 84: Physiol Behav. 2001 Feb;72(3):403-7. Exposure to a novel stimulus reduces anxiety level in adult and aging rats. Darwish M, Koranyi L, Nyakas C, Almeida OF. Department of Clinical and Experimental Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szabolcs u. 33-35, H-1135 Budapest, Hungary. Male Wistar rats aged 3, 15 and 24 months were isolated and housed individually for 72 h prior to being subjected to inanimate objects (two objects per rat, each 1.5 cm in diameter and 4 cm in length, made of surgical gauze). Following the exposure to the objects, rats were subsequently tested in an elevated plus-maze. The inanimate objects induced locomotor activity, chewing and transportation of the object. This changed to social interaction and play-like behavioral activity in rats of all ages that were kept in small groups with a latency of 1 to 2 min. One hour after the start of exposure, the animals were tested in the elevated plus-maze to measure anxiety behavior. It was found that all age groups spent significantly more time in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze than the corresponding controls. Latencies to first entry into open arms were also significantly lowered. The number of entries to the open or to the dark arm, however, did not show statistical difference, indicating that the novel object-induced activity failed to exert influence on gross motor activity in the elevated plus-maze. In conclusion, the stimulation elicited by the exposure to novel stimulus (inanimate objects) resulted in a significant reduction of anxiety level both in adult and in aging rats. PMID: 11274684 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 85: Gig Sanit. 1993 Dec;(12):39-40. [The effect of superhigh frequency electromagnetic radiation on the central nervous system] [Article in Russian] Krylova IN, Iasnetsov VV, Pal'tsev IuP, Il'in AB, Kuznetsova EIu, Balaeva NV. PMID: 8125368 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 86: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 Sep-Oct;37(5):756-61. [Behavior reactions and lipids of brain synaptic membranes of rats under chronic exposure to gamma irradiation] [Article in Russian] Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Potekhina NI, Kolomiitseva IK. The effects of low level chronic ionising irradiation (12.9 cGy/day on the sensory attention to the stimuli of different modalities (somatosensory, visual, odor) of Wistar rats were studied. Analysis of animals behaviour was made after they had received the different doses of irradiation: 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 Gy. It was founded, that the attention and exploratory activity of rats is significantly decreased up to 20-30% after 4-6 Gy. The irradiation doses 8 Gy did not change animal behaviour as compared to control animals, but doses 10, 15 and 20 Gy decreased the exploratory activity as well as sensory attention of rats to 3-5-times as compared to previous dose. Such a wave-like way of behaviour reflects the functioning of an adaptive mechanism. Biochemical data indicated that after 5 months of the irradiation (dose 20 Gy) the level of phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol were decreased. PMID: 9417305 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 87: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1991 Jan;37(1):4-7. [Standardization of electromagnetic fields of 3-30 MHz with reference to the time factor] [Article in German] Savin BM, Lobanova EA, Kosova IP, Sokolova IP, Rubcova NB, Lochodzej LV, Klescenok OI. Wissenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut fur Arbeitshygiene und Berufskrankheiten, Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften, UdSSR, Moskau. In chronic experiments (4 months) in rabbits, rats, and mice biological effects were investigated from 7 exposure regimen of electromagnetic fields with a frequency of 24 MHz at field strengths of the electric field component of 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 V/m, respectively, and an exposure time of 0.25, 1, and 4 hrs. respectively. The effects on the CNS, the immune and hormone systems, the peripheral blood and on the spermato and embryo genesis were estimated. The results delivered the basis for the introduction of an index. In point of time different limit values are to be determined according to the energetic load. A concrete value for the energetic load 7,200 (V/m)2.h is proposed as maximum allowable field strength of the electric component 300 V/m. PMID: 2028680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 88: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993 Aug;116(8):127-30. [A new natural model of elevated anxiety in rats] [Article in Russian] Rodina VI, Krupina NA, Kryzhanovskii GN. The levels of anxiety were determined in male Wistar rats using a complex multiparameter method for evaluating anxiety-phobic states in rats based on ranged scale. The effects of psychotropic drugs differed in rats with innate high and low levels of anxiety. Anxiolytics sodium valproate (200 mg/kg), phenazepam (0.05 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 and 0.6 mg/kg) reduced anxiety in rats with innate high level of anxiety and prevented increase of anxiety induced by saline in rats with innate low level of anxiety. Pentylenetetrazol (10 mg/kg) and haloperidol at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) increased anxiety in rats with either high or low innate levels of anxiety. However sodium lactate (600 mg/kg) increased anxiety only in rats with innate high level of anxiety. Haloperidol at a small dose (0.01 mg/kg) and melipramin (10 mg/kg) were uneffective in rats with innate high level of anxiety. Results believed the rats with innate high level of anxiety to be used as a new natural animal model of anxiety. PMID: 8274676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 89: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Mar;38(3):231-6. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: effects on the offspring behaviour with special reference to anxiety paradigms. Ramanathan M, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK. Department of Pharmacology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Maternal hyperglycemic effect was studied on the offspring behaviour. Offspring were obtained from diabetic rats by mating a normal father with a diabetic mother (NFDM), diabetic father with normal mother (DFNM) and diabetic father with diabetic mother (DFDM). Rats were rendered diabetic by injecting streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg i.p.) in citrate buffer. Offspring were subjected to various anxiety parameters including open field exploratory behaviour, elevated plus maze and zero maze behaviours, and the social interaction tests at the age of 8 weeks. The results indicate that offspring of NFDM and DFDM showed anxiogenic activity on the elevated plus maze zero maze and the social interaction test. Offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited hyper and emotional activity in the open field behaviour test. The behavioural alterations observed in the offspring were comparable to the behavioural alterations noted in STZ diabetic rat as reported earlier. Further offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited mild hyperglycaemia. No significant behavioural alterations in the offspring of DFNM were observed. It may be concluded, that exposure of offspring to diabetic environment in their foetal life can lead to anxiogenic/emotional behaviours in adult life. PMID: 10927864 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 90: Biofizika. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(5):935-40. [Effect of modified SHF and acoustic stimulation on spectral characteristics of the electroencephalograms of the cat brain] [Article in Russian] Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV. Ykhtomskii Research Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, Russia. The effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on the spectral parameters of bioelectric brain activity in awake cats was studied by registering the electroencephalogram from the skin surface in the vertex area using carbon electrodes. In the normal electroencephalogram, spectral components in the range above 20 Hz predominated. It was shown that, upon irradiation with electromagnetic field (basic frequency 980 MHz, power density 30-50 microW/cm2), spectral components in the range of 12-18 Hz begin to prevail. A similarity in the redistribution of the power of spectral components upon both acoustic and modulated electromagnetic influences was revealed. The results suggest that there is a a common neurophysiological mechanism by which modulated electromagnetic radiation and acoustic stimulation affect the electrical activity of the brain. This ia consistent with the assumption that the effect of the electromagnetic field on the central nervous system is mediated through the acoustic sensory system. PMID: 11094726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 91: Biofizika. 1996 May-Jun;41(3):762-4. [Combined effect of variable and static magnetic fields on rat behavior in the "open field "] [Article in Russian] Deriugina ON, Pisachenko TM, Zhadin MN. The influence of combined alternating and static magnetic fields on rat behavior in the "open field" test was studied. The action of the cyclotron and Larmor frequencies of calcium, natrium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, lithium, and zinc ions was investigated. The statistically significant influence of the cyclotron frequencies of calcium and magnesium ions was revealed. The calcium frequency caused depression of investigating activity of the animals and the magnesium one evoked increasing moving and investigating activities. The rest of frequencies did not significantly act on the animal behavior. PMID: 8924481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 92: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1994;(1):31-3. [Effect of low intensity and ultra high frequency electromagnetic irradiation on memory functions] [Article in Russian] Krylova IN, Ilin AB, Dukhanin AS, Paltsev IuP, Iasnetsov VV. The experiments on rats proved that low intensity electromagnetic waves result in retrograde amnesia due to benzodiazepine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and cholinergic mechanisms. Nootropic drug pyracethamum was proved to reduce the pathologic effect. PMID: 7804712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 93: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1997;42 Suppl:103-4. [Current status of risk discussion of low frequency electric and magnetic fields and high frequency electromagnetic radiation] [Article in German] Petrowicz O. Institut fur Experimentelle Chirurgie, Technischen Universitat Munchen. PMID: 9517067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 94: Med Radiol (Mosk). 1984 Dec;29(12):46-9. [Experimental study of the effects of acute uneven microwave irradiation] [Article in Russian] Zuev VG, Ushakov IB. The purpose of the study was to reveal parts of the body affected by radiation most of all in uneven microwave irradiation (current frequency of 2.4 GHz/s) by the destruction criterion taking account of some indicators of the absorbed power of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Uneven irradiation was achieved by the screening of some parts of the body with radiopaque material leaving unshielded parts subjected to irradiation. Control over the redistribution of absorbed energy was exercised by means of multichamber phantoms. In experiments on animals (female rats) within the range of specific absorbed power of 15-40 mWg the utmost affection of the cranial segment was revealed. The results show good correlation with a curve of the effect of 50% destruction criterion in total EMR irradiation. PMID: 6513752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 95: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Jan-Feb;51(1):114-6. [Motor activity and emotional response in the open field test in rats after pharmacologic stimulation or blockade of neuropeptides in terminals of primary sensory neurons] [Article in Russian] Zhukova EM. Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk. Effects of high and low doses of capsaicin on the open-field behavioral patterns were examined in Wistar rats. The treated animals exhibited a significant increase in locomotion, grooming, and exploratory activity. PMID: 11253389 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 96: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 May-Jun;37(3):336-42. [The dependence of the biological effect of electron radiation on the pulse repetition rate. The characteristics of the clinical manifestations in rats after irradiation at superlethal doses] [Article in Russian] Darenskaia NG, Nasonova TA, Aleshin SN. A comparison between biological effects of electron radiation (25 and 50 MeV) at doses of 100-300 Gy and with pulse recurrence frequencies from 3 to 2400 s-1, using general damage severity, distinctiveness of separate clinical manifestations and incidence of extremely severe forms of radiation sickness as criteria, has demonstrated some peculiarities of radiation pathology in rats under these circumstances. The pulse recurrence frequency influence varies with the criterion applied. PMID: 9244520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 97: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1996 Nov-Dec;26(6):565-6. Device for artifact-free recording of brain electrical activity during exposure of rats to UHF fields in conditions of free behavior. Vorob'ev VV, Gorelkova TF, Konovalov VF. Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino. PMID: 9121634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 98: Gig Sanit. 1982 Feb;(2):7-11. [Meteorological radars as an energy source of a superhigh-frequency range electromagnetic field and environmental hygiene problems] [Article in Russian] Dumanskii IuD, Nikitina NG, Tomashevskaia LA, Kholiavko FR, Zhupakhin KS. PMID: 7075987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 99: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1984 May-Jun;(3):13-6. [Effect of a modulated UHF field on the behavior and hormone level of female rats under emotional stress] [Article in Russian] Rasulov MM. PMID: 6540858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 100: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Sep;39(9):853-7. Effect of environmental deprivation on anxiety in rats. Jaiswal AK. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. arunjais@rediffmail.com Environmental deprivation (ED) induced a significant increase in open-field ambulation, rears, self-groomings, faecal pellets and decrease in activity in centre in Charles Foster albino rats of 30, 45 and 60 days age groups. In elevated plus maze, significant attenuation of open arm time/entries and augmentation of enclosed arm time/entries were noted in ED rats of all the three age groups. Similarly ED rats also showed significant decrease in time spent on open arms, entries, head dips and stretched attend postures in comparison to age matched rats reared under normal environmental conditions. The results indicate that imposition of environmental deprivation in rats' life consistently resulted in significant anxiogenic behaviour on all the tests. However, the anxiogenic effect of ED was less marked when it was imposed at 60th day of life in rats. PMID: 11831364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 101: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Dec;21(8):566-74. Prenatal exposure to 900 MHz, cell-phone electromagnetic fields had no effect on operant-behavior performances of adult rats. Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H. Institut fur Toxikologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany. michael.bornhausen@t-online.de To clarify potential health risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) used in cellular telephone technology to the developing brain, Wistar rats were continuously exposed during pregnancy to a low-level (0.1 mW/cm(2)) 900 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulated EMF that approximated the highest legal exposure of normal populations to the radiation of base antennas of the GSM digital cell-phone technology. Whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) values for the freely roaming, pregnant animals were measured in models; they ranged between 17.5 and 75 mW/kg. The offspring of exposed and of sham-exposed dams were coded and tested later as adults in a battery of ten simultaneously operated test chambers (Skinner boxes) during night time. Eight groups of ten coded animals in each group were tested for learning deficits in a sequence of nine, computer-controlled, 15 h sessions of the food-reinforced contingency Differential Reinforcement of Rate with increasing performance requirements. Two different sets of events were recorded: The food-reinforced lever-pressing activity of the animals and the inter-response intervals (IRIs) between consecutive lever presses. IRI-occurence patterns discriminated consistently between "learners" and "non-learners". Analyses of performance scores and of IRI-patterns both showed that exposure in-utero to the GSM field did not induce any measurable cognitive deficits. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 11102946 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 102: Med Pr. 2000;51(6):637-52. [Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and its health effects in electric energy workers] [Article in Polish] Szadkowska-Stanczyk I, Zmyslony M. Zakladu Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy w Lodzi im. prof. dra med. Jerzego Nofera w Lodzi. Power frequency (50 to 60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are briefly characterised, EMF sources occurring in the electromagnetic industry are discussed, and methods for and problems involved in the evaluation of individual occupational EMF exposure are also presented. The results of certain cohort industrial and case-referent studies indicate slightly enhanced risk of brain cancer and leukaemia in the group under study. The meta-analysis of the results obtained from numerous studies, published recently, showed a relative risk (RR) of 1.1-1.3 for leukaemia, and of 1.1-1.2 for brain cancer. Only a few studies demonstrate a dose-effect relationship for malignant neoplasms which decreases the power of the hypothesis on the cause-effect relationship. Among health effects of EMF exposure in electric utility workers, other than malignant neoplasms, an increased risk of certain diseases of the circulatory and neurological systems has been reported. The difficulty in the assessment of individual exposure is the main problem in evaluating the relationship between EMF exposure and adverse health effects in electric utility workers. We hope to investigate this further. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 11288692 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 103: Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;132(7):1389-95. Social isolation modifies nicotine's effects in animal tests of anxiety. Cheeta S, Irvine E, File SE. Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL. 1. These experiments determined whether the housing conditions of rats influenced the effects of nicotine in two animal tests of anxiety, social interaction and elevated plus-maze tests. 2. In animals housed singly for 7 days, (-)nicotine (0.025 mg kg(-1) s.c.) was ineffective, but 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mg kg(-1) (s.c.) significantly increased the time spent in social interaction, without changing locomotor activity, thus indicating anxiolytic actions. (-)Nicotine (0.45 mg kg(-1) s.c.) significantly reduced social interaction, indicating an anxiogenic effect. 3. However, in group-housed animals, (-)nicotine (0.025 mg kg(-1) s.c.) had a significant anxiolytic effect in the social interaction test, but 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.45 mg kg(-1) were ineffective. (-)Nicotine (1 mg kg(-1)) reduced motor activity and social interaction in the group-housed animals. 4. In the elevated plus-maze, the time-course and the dose-response curve to nicotine were investigated. In both singly- and group-housed rats, (-) nicotine (0.1 - 0.45 mg kg(-1) s.c.) decreased the per cent entries into, and per cent time spent on, the open arms, indicating anxiogenic effects. 5. The housing condition influenced the time course, with significant effects at 5 and 30 min after injection in group-housed rats, and significant effects at 30 and 60 min in singly-housed rats. 6. In the social interaction test there was no difference in the scores of the first and last rats removed from group cages, whereas the order of removal from the cages did affect the scores in the elevated plus-maze. 7. These results provide further evidence that the two animal tests model distinct states of anxiety, and show how social isolation powerfully modifies both anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of nicotine. PMID: 11264231 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 104: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Jan-Feb;38(1):110-5. [Radioprotective effect of weak ultra-low frequency alternating magnetic field in adrenalectomized mice] [Article in Russian] Stashkov AM. Simferopol State University, Krym, Ukraine. PMID: 9606412 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 105: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1998;(11):6-8. [The evaluation of the body response of experimental animals to exposure to the magnetic component of electromagnetic radiation for setting a hygiene standard] [Article in Russian] Bogdanov AA, Bukharin EA, Davydova OK, Plakhov NN. Acute and subacute experiments were conducted to evaluate threshold response of white rats to variable magnetic intensity of magnetic section of electromagnetic irradiation with fixed frequency (3 MHz). PMID: 9885494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 106: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Sep-Oct;39(5):583-7. [Biological and ecological aspects of the effects combined electromagnetic rays on farm animals] [Article in Russian] Ipatova AG, Ivanov VL, Koz'min GV, Kozlov VA. Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk. The study of a biological effect of ultraviolet, ultrahigh frequency and gamma-radiation, as well as combinations of these, on the functional status of the sheep body systems has made it possible to evaluate the sensitivity of a body exposed to these factors and its adaptive potentials. The pattern of variations in the body systems when a combined EMR is applied depends on to which extent one or another factor dominates the others. It is however possible that the effect of the leading factor is modified by that of a less severe radiation, energy characteristics of which differ from those of the dominating factor. PMID: 10576032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 107: Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(1):87-93. [Changes in reactions in rats during hypokinesia and electromagnetic irradiation of ultrahigh frequency] [Article in Ukrainian] Temur'iants NA, Chuian OM, Verko NP, Moskovchuk OB, Tumaniants OM, Shyshko OIu, Min'ko VA, Kurtseitova EE. Tavritcheskiy University by V.I. Vernadsky, Sympheropol. The effects of low intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the hypokinetic stress were studied on rats. It has been shown that exposure to EMF, combined with hypokinesia or without it, prevented the typical stress reaction on the limited motility. EMF was determined to modify the adaptive processes which resulted in the adaptive activation and limiting stress reaction. Adaptation was characterized with lower anxiety and excitability of the central nervous system, and a higher level of non-specific resistance, as compared to the stress reaction. PMID: 12669526 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 108: Percept Mot Skills. 1999 Dec;89(3 Pt 1):1023-4. Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXXVII. Effects of synthetic and natural geomagnetic patterns on maze learning. McKay BE, Persinger MA. Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada. 12 normal male albino rats were exposed or not exposed in their home cages for 5 min. and 50 sec. once every hour 8 times per night to a 7-Hz square-wave magnetic field whose amplitudes were shifted by about 50 nT approximately every 10 sec. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for numbers of working errors, numbers of reference errors, or speed during the acquisition of an Olton (8-arm) maze, the strength of the group differences (F ratios) for daily working errors was reduced (rho = .70) if there had been enhanced geomagnetic activity during the time of the night when the experimental fields were present. PMID: 10665038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 109: Neuroreport. 2001 Oct 8;12(14):3081-4. Hyperanxiety produced by periaqueductal gray injection of chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycan. De Araujo JE, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Brandao ML. Laboratorio de Psicobiologia, FFCLRP, campus USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. We examined the effects of chondroitin sulphate C (CSC) on fear and anxiety parameters following injection of the glycosaminoglycan into the dorsal periaqueductal gray. Rats with chronically implanted cannulae were administered CSC (0.4 or 4.0 nmol) or vehicle (saline, 0.2 microl) and exposed to the elevated plus-maze test of emotionality. Intra-periaqueductal gray injection of CSC produced a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect as indicated by reduced entries into and time spent on the open arms, fewer excursions into the end of the open arms and by increased stretched attend posture, flat back approach and closed arm peeping-out behaviour. The behavioural effects of CSC appeared to be anxioselective, since the glycosaminoglycan did not influence measures of general (exploratory) activity, such as number of entries into the enclosed arms and amount of scanning, rearing and grooming. The present results show that CSC can produce an anxiogenic-like profile after injection into the dorsal periaqueductal gray. This is the first such report implicating an endogenous matrix glycosaminoglycan in neural mechanisms governing fear and anxiety. PMID: 11568641 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 110: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Feb;68(2):255-62. Behavioral effects of buspirone in the marmoset employing a predator confrontation test of fear and anxiety. Barros M, Mello EL, Huston JP, Tomaz C. Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brazil, CEP 70910-900, DF, Brasilia, Brazil. In order to further validate the recently developed marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) predator confrontation model of fear and anxiety, we investigated the behavioral effects of buspirone with this method. The apparatus consisted of three parallel arms connected at each end to a perpendicular arm, forming a figure-eight continuous maze. A taxidermized wild oncilla cat (Felis tigrina) was positioned facing a corner of the parallel arms, alternating between the left or right side of the maze among animals tested. All subjects were first submitted to seven 30-min maze habituation trials (HTs) in the absence of the predator, and then to five randomly assigned treatment trials (TTs) in the presence of the predator: three buspirone sessions (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), saline and sham injection controls. Twenty minutes after treatment administration, the animal was released into the maze and had free access to the apparatus for 30 min. All trials were taped for later behavioral analysis. Buspirone significantly decreased the frequency of scent marking, while increasing the time spent in proximity to the 'predator' stimulus, indicating an anxiolytic effect. Neither locomotor activity, exposure to a novel environment, stimulus location and habituation, nor gender influenced the effects of the drug treatments. These results further validate this method and demonstrate the potential usefulness of this ethologically based paradigm to test anxiety and fear-induced avoidance in nonhuman primates and its susceptibility to anxiolytic pharmacological manipulations. PMID: 11267630 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 111: Gig Sanit. 1992 Mar;(3):46-9. [The sensitizing action of a high-frequency electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Nogachevskaia SI. PMID: 1427198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 112: Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(3):257-71. Perturbations of plant leaflet rhythms caused by electromagnetic radio-frequency radiation. Ellingsrud S, Johnsson A. Department of Physics, University of Trondheim, Norway. The minute-range up and down rhythms of the lateral leaflets of Desmodium gyrans has been studied when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency (RF) range. The RF radiation was applied as homogeneous 27.12 MHz fields in specially-designed exposure cells(and in some cases as non-homogeneous radiation of 27 MHz, amplitude modulated by 50 Hz, in front of commercial diathermy equipment). All fields were applied as pulses. We report effects in the leaflet rhythms such as temporary changes in the amplitude, period, and phase. The radiation could also cause temporary or complete cessations of the rhythms. The lowest dose (8 W/cm2) used was still effective. PMID: 8323575 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 113: Toxicol Lett. 2000 Dec 20;118(1-2):9-19. Differential effects of low frequency, low intensity (<6 mG) nocturnal magnetic fields upon infiltration of mononuclear cells and numbers of mast cells in Lewis rat brains. Cook LL, Persinger MA, Koren SA. Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6. Immediately after inoculation to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 64 female Lewis rats were exposed to either a reference condition (<10 nT) or to one of two frequencies (7 Hz, 40 Hz) of magnetic fields whose two intensities (either 50 nT or 500 nT) were amplitude-modulated for 6 min once per hour between midnight and 8 h for 15 nights. Rats that had been exposed to the 7 Hz, low intensity fields displayed fewer numbers of foci of infiltrations of mononuclear cells compared to all other groups that did not differ significantly from each other. Rats exposed to the 5 mG (500 nT), 40 Hz magnetic fields displayed more foci in the right thalamus while those exposed to the 5 mG, 7 Hz fields displayed more foci in the left thalamus. Numbers of mast cells within the thalamus were also affected by the treatments. These results suggest that weak magnetic fields can affect the infiltration of immunologically responsive cells and the presence of mast cells in brain parenchyma. Implications for the potential etiology of 'electromagnetic sensitivity' symptoms are discussed. PMID: 11137304 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 114: Gig Sanit. 1986 Jul;(7):34-6. [Biological action and hygienic significance of the electromagnetic field created by coastal radar facilities] [Article in Russian] Tomashevskaia LA, Solenyi EA. PMID: 3758706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 115: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001 May;34(5):675-82. Strain-dependent effects of diazepam and the 5-HT2B/2C receptor antagonist SB 206553 in spontaneously hypertensive and Lewis rats tested in the elevated plus-maze. Takahashi RN, Berton O, Mormede P, Chaouloff F. Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brasil. takahashi@farmaco.ufsc.br The 5-HT2B/2C receptor antagonist SB 206553 exerts anxiolytic effects in rat models of anxiety. However, these effects have been reported for standard rat strains, thus raising the issue of SB 206553 effects in rat strains displaying different levels of anxiety. Herein, the effects of SB 206553 in a 5-min elevated plus-maze test of anxiety were compared to those of the reference anxiolytic, diazepam, in two rat strains respectively displaying high (Lewis rats) and low (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR) anxiety. Diazepam (0.37, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg; 30 min before testing) increased in a dose-dependent manner the behavioral measures in SHR, but not in Lewis rats. On the other hand, SB 206553 (1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg; 30 min before testing) failed to alter the anxiety parameters in both strains, whereas it increased closed arm entries in Lewis rats, suggesting that it elicited hyperactivity in the latter strain. Accordingly, the hypolocomotor effect of the nonselective 5-HT2B/2C receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (1.5 mg/kg ip 20 min before a 15-min exposure to an activity cage) was prevented by the 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg doses of SB 206553 in Lewis rats and SHR, respectively. Compared with SHR, Lewis rats may display a lower response to benzodiazepine-mediated effects and a more efficient control of locomotor activity by 5-HT2B/2C receptors. PMID: 11323756 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 116: Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR. 1992;(1):38-40. [Electromagnetic radiations from computer video terminals and their effect on health] [Article in Russian] Lazarenko NV. The paper is concerned with a brief analysis of the reported data on hygienic, epidemiological and experimental estimation of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of a video-terminal (VDT). The results of the author's investigations are presented. Based on the data obtained it is concluded that low-intensity wide-band EMR occurs in work places of VDT users. One should bear in mind that the biological action of EMR has not been studied so far. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 1585729 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 117: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1993 Sep-Oct;43(5):1006-17. [A multiparameter method for the complex evaluation of anxiety-phobic states in rats] [Article in Russian] Rodina VI, Krupina NA, Kryzhanovskii GN, Oknina NB. A new multiparameter method is elaborated for evaluating the anxiety-phobic states in rats. The method is based on a ranged scale of parameters which characterize the species-specific responses of an animal to the series of ethologically adequate test-stimuli inducing manifestation of the anxiety-phobic states. The method makes it possible to evaluate an individual anxiety-phobic level of a rat, to form experimental groups of rats with known individual anxiety-phobic levels, to conduct repeated observations of the same animals. The method is easy to introduce into laboratory practice and makes it possible to obtain results quickly. PMID: 8249450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 118: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 May-Jun;50(3):500-8. [Modulation of the activity of monoaminergic brain systems and emotional condition by dalargin in rats during development of emotional resonance response] [Article in Russian] Bazian AS, Orlova NV, Getsova VM. Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Rats were divided in two groups by the reaction of emotional resonance (RER): with emotionally positive reactions (I, with fast RER acquisition, up to 100 s) and with emotionally negative reactions (II, with slow RER acquisition, more than 200 s). After the RER acquisition, the activity of 5-hydroxitryptophan (5-HT) system of the I group of animals was lower than in the II group. The activity of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) systems of the I group of animals was higher than in the II group. The between-group differences were enhanced by subcutaneous injection of dalargin. In some brain structures dalargin reversed these relations. These findings point to a complicated interpenetrating character of emotionally positive and emotionally negative states. Emotionally positive states include components of emotionally positive states, and emotionally negative states include components of emotionally positive states. Increase in 5-HT activity and decrease in activity of NA, DA, and opioid (OP) systems induce formation of emotionally negative states. Decrease in 5-HT activity and increase in activity of NA, DA, and OP systems induce formation of the emotionally positive state. It is suggested that 5-HT, NA, and DA systems play the central role in the processes of reinforcement, acquire the evaluative function, and are included in realization of all types of behaviors. OP is a primary modulator system which accompanies the unconditioned pain stimulus and connects it with systems of evaluative function. PMID: 10923388 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 119: Pol J Pharmacol. 2001 May-Jun;53(3):245-52. AIDA influences behavior in rats pretreated with baclofen. Car H, Nadlewska A, Oksztel R, Wisniewski K. Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland. The influence of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (I mGluRs) by AIDA on some behavioral effects of rats pretreated with baclofen, an agonist of GABA-B receptor, was investigated using behavioral tests: the open field, the passive avoidance response and the elevated "plus" maze. Baclofen, applied intraperitoneally (ip) at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, increased the number of crossed fields and bar approaches in rats in the open field test, and prolonged the time spent in the closed arms, shortened the time spent in the open arms and decreased the number of entries to the open arms in the elevated "plus" maze, but did not affect retrieval in the passive avoidance response. AIDA administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) alone at a dose of 100 nmol reduced crossings and rearings in the open field test, however, it had no effect on retrieval in the passive avoidance situation, nor did it show any influence in the elevated "plus" maze. AIDA given 15 min after baclofen significantly decreased mobility of rats (in the case of crossings to the level observed when AIDA was given alone), i.e. AIDA changed the effects of baclofen in the open field test. We also noted significant impairment of retrieval in rats pretreated with baclofen, which later received AIDA. AIDA significantly reduced the effect of baclofen on this memory process. In the elevated "plus" maze test, AIDA did not influence the behavior of rats pretreated with baclofen in comparison with the group treated with baclofen alone. PMID: 11785925 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 120: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2001 Feb;19(1):37-45. Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats--sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats. Nishio H, Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Harada Y. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, 729-0292, Hiroshima, Japan. nishio@fupharm.fukuyama-u.ac.jp Maternal sound stress (800 Hz; 77 dB, every other minute for 15 min/day, from day 10 to 18 of gestation), combined with forced swimming stress (15 min/day), was found to cause potentiation of sound-induced loss of locomotor activity, referred to as emotional behavior, of male offspring, but not that of female offspring, at 4 weeks of age. Maternal stress also caused an increase in the total number of errors by male, but not female offspring in the water-maze test at 6 weeks of age. These effects of stress on emotional behavior and learning behavior were abolished when dams were pretreated with buspirone (30 min before the stress, from day 8 to 18 of gestation). Thus, prenatal stress might have sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats. PMID: 11226753 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 121: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1992 Jul;114(7):52-4. [Dynamics of calmodulin in cerebral structures under the action of modulated UHF electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Katkov VF, Pavlovskii VF, Poltavchenko GM. The influence of modulated UHF-electromagnetic fields (low intensity) on calmodulin levels in several brain structures was studied. It was shown that UHF-electromagnetic fields influence calmodulin levels in the hypothalamus and sensorimotor cortex. Its effect depends on modulation regimes. PMID: 1421308 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 122: Radiobiologiia. 1982 Sep-Oct;22(5):687-90. [Effect of magnetic fields on the radiation sensitivity of mice. 1. Effect of infra-low frequency of magnetic fields of low intensity on survival of experimental animals after x-ray irradiation] [Article in Russian] Kopylov AN, Troitskii MA. PMID: 7178445 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 123: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Oct 13;292(3):171-4. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is specific to the frequency and intensity of nocturnally applied, intermittent magnetic fields in rats. Cook LL, Persinger MA. Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory and Department of Biology Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada. Female Lewis rats (n=72) were inoculated with an emulsion of spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant. They were then exposed for approximately 6 min every hour between midnight and 08:00 h for 2 weeks to either 7 or 40 Hz amplitude-modulated magnetic fields whose temporal pattern was designed to simulate a (geomagnetic) storm sudden commencement. The peak strengths of the fields averaged between either 30-50 nT (low intensity) or 500 nT (high intensity). Rats exposed to the 7 Hz, low intensity magnetic fields displayed significantly less severe overt signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis than rats exposed to either of the two intensities of the 40 Hz fields, the high intensity 7 Hz field, or the reference (<10 nT) condition. The latter groups did not differ significantly from each other. Predicted severity based upon the numbers of foci of infiltrations of lymphocytes within the brains of the rats also demonstrated the ameliorating effects of the low intensity, 7 Hz exposures. These results suggest very specific characteristics of complex, weak magnetic fields within the sleeping environment could affect the symptoms of autoimmunity. PMID: 11018304 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 124: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2002;80:1-395. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 1: static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Publication Types: Review Review, Academic PMID: 12071196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 125: Biofizika. 1996 Jul-Aug;41(4):866-9. [Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation and ultra-violet radiation on aggregation of thymocytes and erythrocytes] [Article in Russian] Roshchupkin DI, Kramarenko GG, Anosov AK. Electromagnetic radiation of superhigh frequencies (46.12 and 46.19 GHz, 0.3-1 mV/cm2) at an incident dose of about 12 kJ/m2 enhances the ability of isolated rabbit thymocytes for aggregation interaction with homologous erythrocytes. In the case of 46.19 GHz frequency, the stimulatory effect disappears as radiation dose in increased. A radiation of 46.12 GHz stimulates thymocytes also at high radiation doses. Superhigh-frequency radiation enhances the sensitivity of thymocytes to the damaging effect of UV radiation. PMID: 8962885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 126: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):82-5. [Use of the parameters of the locomotor activity of animals in experimental and hygienic studies of microwave radiation] [Article in Russian] Navakatikian MA, Nogachevskaia SI. PMID: 2599414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 127: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Apr;35(4):451-7. Effects of elevated calcium on motor and exploratory activities of rats. Godinho AF, Trombini TV, Oliveira EC. Centro de Assistencia Toxicologica (CEATOX), Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. godinho@ibb.unesp.br The effects of serum and brain calcium concentration on rat behavior were tested by maintaining animals on either distilled water (N = 60) or water containing 1% calcium gluconate (N = 60) for 3 days. Animals that were maintained on high calcium drinking water presented increased serum calcium levels (control = 10.12 +/- 0.46 vs calcium treated = 11.62 +/- 0.51 microg/dl). Increase of brain calcium levels was not statistically significant. In the behavioral experiments each rat was used for only one test. Rats that were maintained on high calcium drinking water showed increased open-field behavior of ambulation (20.68%) and rearing (64.57%). On the hole-board, calcium-supplemented animals showed increased head-dip (67%) and head-dipping (126%), suggesting increased ambulatory and exploratory behavior. The time of social interaction was normal in animals maintained on drinking water containing added calcium. Rats supplemented with calcium and submitted to elevated plus-maze tests showed a normal status of anxiety and elevated locomotor activity. We conclude that elevated levels of calcium enhance motor and exploratory behavior of rats without inducing other behavioral alterations. These data suggest the need for a more detailed analysis of several current proposals for the use of calcium therapy in humans, for example in altered blood pressure states, bone mineral metabolism disorders in the elderly, hypocalcemic states, and athletic activities. PMID: 11960194 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 128: Neuropharmacology. 2001 May;40(6):818-25. Leptin decreases feeding and exploratory behaviour via interactions with CCK(1) receptors in the rat. Buyse M, Bado A, Dauge V. INSERM U410, IFR02 Cellules Epitheliales, Faculte de medecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. mbuyse@bichat.inserm.fr We assessed the effects of peripheral leptin on anxiety and exploratory behaviour in the elevated plus-maze and in the four-hole box or Y-maze tests, in rats fed 80% of normal daily food intake and rats fed ad libitum. In the Y-maze test, i.p. injection of 0.4 or 1 mg/kg leptin into rationed rats significantly decreased the percentage of spontaneous alternation behaviour and increased the number of visits. In the elevated plus-maze test, rationed rats spent significantly more time in the open arms (aversive part of the maze) than did rats fed ad libitum. This difference in behaviour was abolished by injecting 0.4 mg/kg leptin. In the four-hole box test, i.p. administration of 1 mg/kg leptin significantly reduced the duration and number of hole visits in rationed and ad libitum fed rats. As with leptin inhibition of food intake, these behavioural changes caused by leptin were prevented by a CCK(1) receptor antagonist (L364,718), at a dose that had no effect by itself. Finally, a 20-min stress that increased corticosterone and ACTH levels had no effect on circulating leptin levels and on the leptin content of epididymal fat tissue, stomach and brain. Thus, leptin induces hypoexploration and decreases spontaneous alternation in rats and these effects are partly dependent on nutritional status. These results also suggest that the CCK system may be involved in the induction of these behavioural changes in rats by leptin, via the CCK(1) receptor. PMID: 11369035 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 129: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1997;42 Suppl:105-6. [Exposure facilities for study of the effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on biological systems] [Article in German] Streckert J, Hansen V. Lehrstuhl fur Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universitat-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal. PMID: 9517068 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 130: Behav Res Ther. 2002 Mar;40(3):279-87. Mother knows best: effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers. Gerull FC, Rapee RM. Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of parental modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance towards novel, fear-relevant stimuli in a sample of 30 toddlers. The toddlers were shown a rubber snake and spider, which were alternately paired with either negative or positive facial expressions by their mothers. Both stimuli were presented again after a 1- and a 10-min delay, while mothers maintained a neutral expression. The children showed greater fear expressions and avoidance of the stimuli following negative reactions from their mothers. This was true for both genders although the degree of modelled avoidance was greater in girls than in boys. The strong observational learning results are consistent with views that modelling constitutes a mechanism by which fear may be acquired early in life. PMID: 11863238 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 131: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;257:367-76. Possible physiological mechanisms for neurobehavioral effects of electromagnetic exposure. Shandala MG. A. N. Marzeev Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR. PMID: 3344276 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 132: Physiol Behav. 1993 Apr;53(4):827-9. Is prolactin related to activity and emotional reactivity in rats? Marti-Carbonell MA, Darbra S, Garau A, Sanz C, Balada F. Department de Psicobiologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. Recent studies have shown different relationships between hormones and personality in humans, including a relationship between prolactin levels and impulsivity. The aim of the present work was to study the relationships between basal levels of prolactin and some measures of activity and emotional reactivity in rats. One of the most consistent results showed a negative correlation between basal prolactin levels and activity. This finding is in line with the serotonergic theories of impulsive behavior and with the effects of dopamine upon activity. PMID: 8511191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 133: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1996 Nov-Dec;46(6):1109-14. [The behavior of the progeny of prenatally irradiated rats] [Article in Russian] Sakharov DG, Dygalo NN. Ambulation and rearing in the open field were decreased in adult male offsprings of rats which were exposed to moderate doses of gamma-irradiation during the last third of their intrauterine development. Single combined external and internal irradiation of the ancestors in the middle of the intrauterine period resulted in increased ambulation in the open field (and its decreased latency) and activity in the wheel in their adult offsprings. The obtained evidence suggests that exposure of parents to harmful factors has its impact on behaviour of offsprings depending on the characteristics of such factors. PMID: 9054164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 134: Int J Biometeorol. 1977 Dec;21(4):357-65. Behavioral effects in monkeys exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. de Lorge JO, Grissett JD. PMID: 413798 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 135: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Jan-Feb;38(1):116-20. [Modification of radiosensitivity of mice by combination of alternating magnetic field and fractionated irradiation with small daily doses over many days] [Article in Russian] Stashkov AM, Gorokhov IE. Simferopol State University, Krym, Ukraine. Everyday before radiation combination of weak magnetic field and fractioned radioactive irradiation in dose of 0.5 Gy up to total doses of 6.0-8.0 Gy increased surviving of mice by 34-53%, prolonged the life-time 1.5 times as much (half as much). It also decreased the rate of accumulation of damaged systems, extended average time of death and the value of dose changing factor, and reduced the gradient of damaged systems. PMID: 9606413 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 136: Physiol Behav. 2000 Dec;71(5):509-16. Behavioral profile of wild mice in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety. Holmes A, Parmigiani S, Ferrari PF, Palanza P, Rodgers RJ. Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Universita di Parma, Viale di Scienze, 43100, Parma, Italy. aholmes@codon.nih.gov Systematic observations of the defensive behavior of wild rodents have greatly informed the experimental study of anxiety and its neural substrates in laboratory animals. However, as the former work has been almost exclusively carried out in rats, few data are available concerning the reactivity of wild mice to standardized tests of anxiety-related behavior. In the present experiments, we employed ethological measures to examine the behavioral responses of a wild-derived population of house mice (Mus musculus) in the elevated plus-maze. In direct comparisons with laboratory Swiss mice, male wild mice exhibited substantially elevated levels of exploratory activities and an overall "preference" for the open arms of the plus-maze. On re-exposure to the plus-maze, male wild mice showed further increases in open arm exploration, while Swiss mice showed a marked shift to the enclosed parts of the plus-maze. Tested over a single session, female wild mice also exhibited a profile of high open arm exploration, but showed levels of exploratory behaviors and locomotor activity similar to female Swiss counterparts. While exploratory patterns in wild mice show similarities to profiles seen in certain laboratory strains (e.g., BALB/c), wild mice displayed a number of additional behaviors that are unprecedented in plus-maze studies with laboratory mice. These included actual and attempted jumps from the maze, spontaneous freezing, and exploration of the upper ledges of the closed arms. Thus, while in conventional terms the behavior of wild mice was consistent with one of low anxiety-like behavior, the presence of these unique elements instead indicates a profile more accurately characterized by high reactivity and escape motivation. We discuss how the use of an ethological approach to measuring plus-maze behavior can support accurate interpretation of other exceptional profiles in this test, such as those possibly arising from phenotyping of transgenic and gene knockout mice. PMID: 11239669 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 137: DLR Nachr. 1996 Feb;81:22-6. [Effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the orientation behavior of unicellular organisms: new findings on the biological effect of electromagnetic alternating fields] [Article in German] Becker E, Hemmersbach R, Stockem W. Institut fur Zellbiologie der Universitat, Bonn. PMID: 11542970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 138: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Apr;22(3):200-4. Why arguments based on photon energy may be highly misleading for power line frequency electromagnetic fields. Vistnes AI, Gjotterud K. Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. a.i.vistnes@fys.uio.no When evaluating possible mechanisms by which low frequency electromagnetic fields may have a biological effect, arguments based on photon energy have often been used in a misleading way. For visible light the concept of photons has proved to be very useful in explaining experimental findings. However, the concept of photons cannot be used without major modifications in describing phenomena related to near field problems at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electric and magnetic fields. For this regime, the photon description is very complex. A very high number of highly coherent photons must be used in a quantum electrodynamic description of low frequency electromagnetic field phenomena. Thus, one-photon interaction descriptions must be replaced by multiple-photon interaction formalism. However, at low frequencies, a classical electromagnetic field description is far more useful than quantum electrodynamics. There is in principle no difference in how much energy an electron can pick up from a low frequency electric field as compared to from a high frequency photon. Thus, the total gain in energy is not limited to the energy carried by a single photon, which is E = hv, where h is Planck's constant and (v) is the frequency of the radiation. However, the time scale of the primary event in a mechanism of action is very different for ionizing radiation compared to power line frequency fields. The advice is to consider the time scale given by the inverse of the frequency of the fields, rather than photon energy, when one use physics as a guidance in evaluating possible mechanisms for biological effects from low frequency electromagnetic fields. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 11255216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 139: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Oct-Nov;70(2-3):411-20. Different effects of diazepam in Fischer rats and two stocks of Wistar rats in tests of anxiety. Bert B, Fink H, Sohr R, Rex A. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Koserstr. 20, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. The behaviour of animals in tests of anxiety varies between strains, even in identical tests and surroundings. To evaluate the results obtained, a more detailed knowledge of the behaviour of different rat strains is indispensable. Identically raised Fischer 344 rats and two stocks of Wistar rats were examined in two animal tests of anxiety: the X-maze and a modified open-field test following diazepam treatment (0.5-4.0 mg/kg). Harlan-Wistar rats were the least 'anxious' when the behaviour of vehicle treated controls was compared. The largest effect of the anxiolytic diazepam, however, was observed in Harlan-Fischer rats. To determine possible reasons for strain and stock differences, plasma concentrations of diazepam and metabolites and concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS were measured. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and metabolites differed between the strains with the Harlan-Fischer rats showing higher diazepam concentrations. 5-HT levels in discrete brain regions varied with Harlan-Fischer rats having higher 5-HT concentrations. Strain differences influence the anxiety-associated behaviour of untreated animals and the effect of anxiolytics. PMID: 11701214 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 140: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2000 Apr;26(1):27-32. Isolation modifies the behavioural response in rats. Karim A, Arslan MI. Pharmacology Department, SSMC, Mitford, Dhaka. Twenty-four male wister rats were reared from weaning either alone (isolation reared) or in groups of five (socially reared) for 6 weeks. Thereafter, the present study examined and compared the behaviour of isolation and socially reared rats in the test of social interaction, in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, in the open field behavior of exploration and locomotion activity, and the depressive behaviour in forced swim test. Under high light in unfamiliar conditions isolation reared rats spent significantly more time in aggressive interactions (P < 0.05) and high levels of aggressive behaviour compared to the socially reared rats (P < 0.05). Isolation reared rats had spent less time in the open arms than the socially reared rats in the maze test (P < 0.05). Isolation reared rats were more exploratory than the socially reared rats in the open field test and the defaecation scores were less compared to the socially reared controls (P < 0.05). Isolated rats spent less time immobile on the rats' forced swim test behaviour but the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that isolation reared rats are nervous, aggressive and hyperactive animals in a novel field. It appears that isolation rearing in the early stages of life has modified a variety of behaviour in the adult rats, and the investigation of the pattern of behavioural changes in isolation reared rats may help to explore the environmental influences on the development of human psychopathology. PMID: 11192492 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 141: Vrach Delo. 1983 Mar;(3):109-11. [Effect of different doses of a UHF field on the morphofunctional state of the kidneys] [Article in Russian] Belokrinitskii VS, Grin' AN. PMID: 6858083 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 142: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002 Jul;78(1):11-22. Fischer 344 and wistar rats differ in anxiety and habituation but not in water maze performance. Bert B, Fink H, Huston JP, Voits M. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Koserstr. 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany. bertb@zedat.fu-berlin.de The fact that various neuropharmacological substances have anxiolytic as well as amnesic effects suggests that neuronal mechanisms of anxiety and learning/memory closely interact. Hence, we hypothesized that differences in anxiety-related behavior could be accompanied with differences in cognition or habituation. Two rat strains with different levels of anxiety, more anxious Fischer 344 rats by Charles River (FC) and less anxious Wistar rats by Winkelmann (WW), were tested in the Morris water maze task and an open field test for habituation learning. Additionally, we investigated the effect of different light intensities on the performance in the Morris water maze and the elevated plus maze. The results of the water maze task indicate that differences in anxiety-related behavior do not go along with differences in this performance of learning/memory. Moreover, the test was not affected by different light intensities. In contrast, illumination did affect performance in the elevated plus maze test, wherein dim light provoked an anxiolytic effect in both rat strains. The findings that neither different baseline levels of anxiety nor fear modulating light conditions were accompanied by changes in the performance of rats in the Morris water maze led us to the suggestion that there is no connection between anxiety and learning/memory in this task. Contrarily, anxiety might be associated with habituation learning in the open field test, shown by the superior habituation of the anxious FC rats in comparison to the less anxious WW rats. In sum, these results indicate that anxiety and learning/memory seem to be independently regulated behaviors, whereas habituation might be more closely correlated with anxiety. Nevertheless, a general statement about the relation between emotionality and learning/memory mechanisms would be premature and the link between behaviors remains to be clarified. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). PMID: 12071664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 143: Physiol Behav. 1999 Jan 1-15;65(4-5):753-61. Corrected and republished in: Physiol Behav. 1999 Sep;67(3):753-61. Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats. Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC. McKesson BioServices, U.S. Army Medical Research Detachment, Microwave Bioeffects Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, USA. shin-tsu.lu@aloer.brooks.af.mil The ultrawide-band (UWB) electromagnetic pulses are used as a new modality in radar technology. Biological effects of extremely high peak E-field, fast rise time, ultrashort pulse width, and ultrawide band have not been investigated heretofore due to the lack of animal exposure facilities. A new biological effects database is needed to establish personnel protection guidelines for these new type of radiofrequency radiation. Functional indices of the cardiovascular system (heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures) were selected to represent biological end points that may be susceptible to the UWB radiation. A noninvasive tail-cuff photoelectric sensor sphygmomanometer was used. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats were subjected to sham exposure, 0.5-kHz (93 kV/m, 180 ps rise time, 1.00 ns pulse width, whole-body averaged specific absorption rate, SAR = 70 mW/kg) or a 1-kHz (85 kV/m, 200 ps rise time, 1.03 ns pulse width, SAR = 121 mW/kg) UWB fields in a tapered parallel plate GTEM cell for 6 min. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 min to 4 weeks after exposures. Significant decrease in arterial blood pressures (hypotension) was found. In contrast, heart rate was not altered by these exposures. The UWB radiation-induced hypotension was a robust, consistent, and persistent effect. PMID: 10073476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 144: Lik Sprava. 1992 Oct;(10):69-71. [The brain function of animals exposed to the action of centimeter electromagnetic waves] [Article in Russian] Smolia AL, Bezdol'naia IS. It was established that centimeter electromagnetic waves (EMW) are a biologically active factor. Dynamic of changes of behavioural reactions under the effect of EMW evidences instability of the functional state of the brain EMW densities of 1000, 1500 mW/cm2 produce a response characterized by inhibition of motor activity. PMID: 1485453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 145: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Sep;70(1):123-31. Cannabinoid effects on anxiety-related behaviours and hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Arevalo C, de Miguel R, Hernandez-Tristan R. Departamento de Biologia Animal II (Fisiologia Animal), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940 and the antagonist SR 141716A, alone and in combination, on rat exploratory and anxiety-like behaviour in the holeboard and elevated plus-maze tests. A further aim was to evaluate the effects of these treatments on hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Animals treated with CP 55,940 doses of 0.125 and 0.1 mg/kg exhibited less exploration and an increase in anxiety-like behaviour accompanied by great motor inhibition. No hypoactivity was seen at 0.075 mg/kg dosage, but anxiety and neophobic responses persisted, indicating independent and specific effects. Motor activity effects induced by CP 55,940 were reversed by pretreatment with SR 141716A (3 mg/kg). Surprisingly, when administered on its own, the antagonist also induced a reduction in exploratory parameters and an increase in anxiety-like responses. These apparently similar effects might be caused by different neural mechanisms. Finally, CP 55,940 increased hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin levels. These increases might be involved in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis described for cannabinoids. PMID: 11566149 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 146: Physiol Behav. 1999 Sep;67(3):753-61. Corrected and republished from: Physiol Behav. 1999 Jan 1-15;65(4-5):753-61. Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats. Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC. McKesson BioServices, U.S. Army Medical Research Detachment, Microwave Bioeffects Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, USA. shin-tsu.lu@aloer.brooks.af.mil The ultrawide-band (UWB) electromagnetic pulses are used as a new modality in radar technology. Biological effects of extremely high peak E-field, fast rise time, ultrashort pulse width, and ultrawide band have not been investigated heretofore due to the lack of animal exposure facilities. A new biological effects database is needed to establish personnel protection guidelines for these new type of radiofrequency radiation. Functional indices of the cardiovascular system (heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures) were selected to represent biological end points that may be susceptible to the UWB radiation. A noninvasive tail-cuff photoelectric sensor sphygmomanometer was used. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats were subjected to sham exposure, 0.5-kHz (93 kV/m, 180 ps rise time, 1.00 ns pulse width, whole-body averaged specific absorption rate, SAR = 70 mW/kg) or a 1-kHz (85 kV/m, 200 ps rise time, 1.03 ns pulse width, SAR = 121 mW/kg) UWB fields in a tapered parallel plate GTEM cell for 6 min. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 min to 4 weeks after exposures. Significant decrease in arterial blood pressures (hypotension) was found. In contrast, heart rate was not altered by these exposures. The UWB radiation-induced hypotension was a robust, consistent, and persistent effect. Publication Types: Corrected and Republished Article PMID: 10497968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 147: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 May-Jun;51(3):324-8. [Analysis of possibility of genotypic correlation between fear and anxiety] [Article in Russian] Khrapova MV, Popova NK, Avgustinovich DF. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk. Special features of anxious behavior in the elevated plus maze test and acoustic startle response were analyzed in 11 inbred mouse strains. A significant influence of the genotype both on the startle amplitude and behavior in the elevated plus maze was found. However, analysis of covariance did not reveal a genotype-related association between anxiety and startle amplitude. The data indicates that the fear-induced acoustic startle response and anxious behavior in the elevated plus maze (agoraphobia) are not genetically related. PMID: 11550640 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 148: Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1997 Dec;68(5):339-45. [A temporary reduction of emotional reactivity in postweaning, prejuvenile rats: examination by the Runway Test] [Article in Japanese] Miyamoto K. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Tokai Women's College, Kakamigahara, Japan. Developmental change of emotional reactivity in Wistar rats was investigated by two experiments using the Runway Test. Rats were tested at 20, 30, 40, 60, and 90 days of age for three successive days. First, a cross-sectional comparison of behavior in the Runway Test showed that 30-day-old rats were faster to enter the runway region, faster to reach the end section, and traversed more sections than other age groups. Rats at 60 and 90 days of age defecated more bolles and urinated more. Second, longitudinal comparisons showed that the ambulation of 30- and 40-day-old rats increased gradually over test days, suggesting lowered emotional reactivity. But 60- and 90-day-old rats showed asymptotic level of ambulation and no increase between days and less defecation. These results suggested that postweaning prejuvenile rats showed a temporary reduction of emotional reactivity in novel environments. Also, their emotional reactivity elevated gradually, and remained stable in each individual level. PMID: 9551536 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 149: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Aug 23;129(2):189-99. Prenatal exposure to ethinylestradiol elicits behavioral abnormalities in the rat. Dugard ML, Tremblay-Leveau H, Mellier D, Caston J. Laboratoire PSY.CO, U.F.R. de Psychologie, Universite de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France. Pregnant rats were i.p. injected with a solution of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (15 microg kg(-1)) every day between day 9 and day 14 of pregnancy and the behavior of the offspring was compared to that of rats born from dams injected with the vehicle only during the same gestational period. The percentage of neonatal death was dramatically high in the prenatally treated group. Growth of the surviving animals was even better than that of controls, but when adult, they exhibited a number of behavioral abnormalities: increased spontaneous motor activity, decreased exploratory behavior, impaired cognitive processing, qualitatively different exploratory drive, and/or persevering behavior, increased anxiety-like behavior and social neophobia. These behavioral alterations, which resemble a number of psychiatric syndromes, suggest that ethinylestradiol altered the ontogenesis of different parts of the central nervous system involved in cognitive and emotional processes. However, it cannot be excluded that the changes in behavior of ethinylestradiol exposed offspring were due to the abnormal maternal behavior of the estradiol treated dams. PMID: 11506863 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 150: Gig Sanit. 1982 Oct;(10):38-41. [Genetic hazard of microradiowaves of nonheat intensity and its hygienic aspects] [Article in Russian] Shandala MG, Antipenko EN, Koveshnikova IV, Timchenko OI. PMID: 7173645 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 151: Radiobiologiia. 1986 May-Jun;26(3):365-71. [Systemic effects of the interaction of an organism and microwaves] [Article in Russian] Suvorov NB, Vasilevskii NN, Ur'iash VV. A study was made of the dynamics of neurophysiological processes, the autonomic nervous system reactions, and the behaviour of cats during long-term electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure (500 mu W/cm2, 2375 MHz). Revealed were the synchronization of the brain bioelectrical activity at 6-10 Hz and 12-16 Hz, different EMF sensitivity of the brain structures, the heart rate decrease, and the increase in the mobility and aggression of the animals. A complex of interrelated changes occurring virtually in all functional systems of the organism should be considered as a specific EMF effect. PMID: 3737885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 152: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1980 Nov;90(11):602-5. [Effect of fluctuating electromagnetic fields on the processes of growth and blastomogenesis] [Article in Russian] Iur'ev VN, Krasnogorskaia NV. Rats were exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic field, adequate to the natural background, with Gaussian energy distribution, spectrum width 15 kHz, and field intensity 5 V/cm. Electric fluctuations were shown to have an inhibitory action on the normal growth of the animals and on blastoma development. This action reaches maximum with the greatest build-up gradient. As the frequency band of the field of action increase, the inhibitory effect declines. PMID: 7004528 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 153: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2002 Mar-Apr;32(2):189-94. The effects of immunization against cholecystokinin fragment 30-33 in the behavior of white rats. Danilova RA, Rud'ko OI, Korotkova TM, Obukhova MF, Ashmarin IP. M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. Active immunization of white rats with cholecystokinin-4 covalently linked to the antigen carrier BSA evoked long-lasting changes in the rats' behavior, which were in the opposite direction to the anxiogenic effects of cholecystokinin-4 itself, showing that immunization had anxiolytic effects. Immunoenzyme analysis demonstrated the presence of antibodies to cholecystokinin-4 in the serum of immunized rats. These data are interesting from the point of view of correcting pathological anxiety and fear states by inverse immunoregulation. PMID: 11942698 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 154: Genome Res. 2002 Apr;12(4):618-26. A quantitative trait locus influencing anxiety in the laboratory rat. Fernandez-Teruel A, Escorihuela RM, Gray JA, Aguilar R, Gil L, Gimenez-Llort L, Tobena A, Bhomra A, Nicod A, Mott R, Driscoll P, Dawson GR, Flint J. Medical Psychological Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08143, Spain. A critical test for a gene that influences susceptibility to fear in animals is that it should have a consistent pattern of effects across a broad range of conditioned and unconditioned models of anxiety. Despite many years of research, definitive evidence that genetic effects operate in this way is lacking. The limited behavioral test regimes so far used in genetic mapping experiments and the lack of suitable multivariate methodologies have made it impossible to determine whether the quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected to date specifically influence fear-related traits. Here we report the first multivariate analysis to explore the genetic architecture of rodent behavior in a battery of animal models of anxiety. We have mapped QTLs in an F2 intercross of two rat strains, the Roman high and low avoidance rats, that have been selectively bred for differential response to fear. Multivariate analyses show that one locus, on rat chromosome 5, influences behavior in different models of anxiety. The QTL influences two-way active avoidance, conditioned fear, elevated plus maze, and open field activity but not acoustic startle response or defecation in a novel environment. The direction of effects of the QTL alleles and a coincidence between the behavioral profiles of anxiolytic drug and genetic action are consistent with the QTL containing at least one gene with a pleiotropic action on fear responses. As the neural basis of fear is conserved across species, we suggest that the QTL may have relevance to trait anxiety in humans. PMID: 11932246 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 155: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 May;25(3):235-60. A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field. Choleris E, Thomas AW, Kavaliers M, Prato FS. Room 9222D, Department of Psychology, Social Science Center, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2. choleris@julian.uwo.ca The open field test (OFT) is a widely used procedure for examining the behavioral effects of drugs and anxiety. Detailed ethological assessments of animal behavior are lacking. Here we present a detailed ethological assessment of the effects of acute treatment with the benzodiazepines, diazepam (DZ, 1.5mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg), as well as exposure to a non-pharmacological agent, a specific pulsed extremely low frequency magnetic field (MAG) on open field behavior. We examined the duration, frequency and time course of various behaviors (i.e. exploration, walk, rear, stretch attend, return, groom, sit, spin turn, jump and sleep) exhibited by male mice in different regions of a novel open field. Both DZ and CDP consistently reduced the typical anxiety-like behaviors of stretch attend and wall-following (thigmotaxis), along with that of an additional new measure: 'returns', without producing any overall effects on total locomotion. The drugs also differed in their effects. CDP elicited a shift in the locomotor pattern from a 'high explore' to a 'high walk', while DZ mainly elicited alterations in sit and groom. The MAG treatment was repeated twice with both exposures reducing horizontal and vertical (rearing) activity and increasing grooming and spin turns. However, the anxiety-like behaviors of stretch attend and return were marginally reduced by only the first exposure. We conclude that a detailed ethological analysis of the OFT allows not only the detection of specific effects of drugs and non-pharmacological agents (i.e. pulsed magnetic field) on anxiety-like behaviors, but also permits the examination of non-specific effects, in particular those on general activity. PMID: 11378179 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 156: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2001;37(2):213-24. [Infantile leukemia and exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields: review of epidemiologic evidence in 2000] [Article in Italian] Lagorio S, Salvan A. Laboratorio di Igiene Ambientale, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma. We review the epidemiological evidence on childhood leukemia and residential exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields. The possibility of carcinogenic effects of power frequency magnetic fields (ELF-EMF), at levels below units of micro tesla (microT), was first raised in 1979 by a case-control study on childhood cancer carried out in Denver, USA. In that study, excess risks of total cancer and leukemia were observed among children living in homes with "high or very high current configuration", as categorised on the basis of proximity to electric lines and transformers. Many other epidemiological studies have been published since then, characterised by improved--although still not optimal--methods of exposure assessment. At the end of 2000, the epidemiological evidence to support the association between exposure to extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of childhood leukemia is less consistent than what was observed in the mid 90s. At the same time, a growing body of experimental evidence has accumulated against both a direct and a promoting carcinogenic effect of ELF-EMF. Such "negative" experimental evidence hampers a causal interpretation of the "positive" epidemiological studies. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 11758279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 157: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Apr;15(7):1206-18. Contribution of amygdala neurons containing peptides and calcium-binding proteins to fear-potentiated startle and exploration-related anxiety in inbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Yilmazer-Hanke DM, Faber-Zuschratter H, Linke R, Schwegler H. Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Institut fur Anatomie, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany. deniz.yilmazer-hanke@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de The purpose of this study was to investigate amygdala-related fear and anxiety in two inbred rat lines differing in emotionality (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh), and to relate the behaviour of the animals to neuronal types in different nuclei of the amygdala. The behavioural tests used were the motility test, elevated plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle response. The neurons investigated were immunoreactive for the anxiogenic peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-ir), the anxiolytic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY-ir), and the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PARV-ir) and calbindin (CALB-ir). The NPY-ir, PARV-ir and CALB-ir neurons studied were subpopulations of GABAergic neurons. RLA/Verh rats, which showed a significant fear-potentiation of the acoustic startle response, had more CRF-ir projection neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala. The same RLA/Verh rats were either less or equally anxious in the motility test (similar to open field) and elevated plus-maze as compared with RHA/Verh rats. In accordance with this behaviour, the RLA/Verh rats had more NPY-ir neurons in the lateral, and more PARV-ir neurons in basal nuclei of the amygdala than RHA/Verh rats, but no differences were detected in the number of CRF-ir and CALB-ir neurons of the basolateral complex. In conclusion, the RLA/Verh rats displayed an opposite behaviour in the fear-potentiated startle model and the exploratory tests measuring anxiety based on choice behaviour. Thus, the anxiogenic systems in the central nucleus and anxiolytic systems in the basolateral complex of the amygdala might be differentially involved in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm and exploratory tests in the Roman rat lines. PMID: 11982631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 158: Lik Sprava. 1998 Oct-Nov;(7):71-3. [The effect of ultrahigh-frequency radiation on adaptation thresholds and the damages to blood system cells] [Article in Ukrainian] Obukhan KI. Cytologic investigations designed to study bone marrow, peripheral blood, spleen, and thymus of albino rats irradiated by an electromagnetic field, 2375, 2450, and 3000 MEGS, revealed structural and functional changes in populations of megakaryocytes, immunocompetent cells as well as of undifferentiated cells, and of other types of cells that are dependent on the intensity of irradiation and permit establishing the probability-threshold levels of exposure taking account of reactions of perception and physiologic adaptation together with compensatory and regenerative processes and the injury sustained. It is shown that changes in bone marrow cells differentiation and reproduction rather than integral shifts in the peripheral blood that acquire the utmost significance. Subjected to a particular scrutiny in the paper are blast cells, which cells' repopulation was noted to be getting increased in low-intensity exposure as were disturbances in their mitosis pattern. PMID: 10050464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 159: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1999 Mar-Apr;49(2):321-30. [Changes in the behavior and EEG of rats administered penicillin and a physiological solution into the amygdalar basal nuclei] [Article in Russian] Pankova NB, Kryzhanovskii GN, Kuznetsov IuB, Latanov AV. Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. Three weeks after implantation of the electrodes for EEG recording, hyperactivation of the basal nucleus of rat's amygdala was produced by a local injection of penicillin (0.5 mcl, 1% solution). Saline injection of the same volume served as control. The hyperactivation of the amygdala resulted in a long-lasting (at least for 3 weeks) increase in the locomotor activity against the background and deficit in exploratory behavior and rise of the level of anxiety and fear. The behavioral changes were accompanied by a long-term disruption of the hippocampal theta rhythm, appearance and slowing of the immobility-related high-voltage spindles, and increase in the EEG dominant frequency in the state of emotional tension. Saline injection led to a short-time (up to 1 week) decrease in locomotor and exploratory activity and increase in anxiety. These phenomena were accompanied by a short-time disruption of the theta rhythm and appearance of the 10-13-Hz oscillations characteristic for the state of emotional tension. PMID: 10486901 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 160: Pol J Pharmacol. 2001 May-Jun;53(3):235-43. Examination of the influence of 3,5-DHPG on behavioral activity of angiotensin II. Holy Z, Wisniewski K. Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. The effects of the class I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) stimulation on the behavioral activity of angiotensin II (Ang II) was investigated in the present study. The experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats. Stimulation of the group I of mGluR receptors was evoked by icv injection of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) at the dose of 0.01 and 1 nmol per rat. Fifteen minutes later, the animals were given icv solution containing 1 nmol of Ang II. Memory motivated affectively was evaluated in passive avoidance and active avoidance responses (CARs). Moreover, the speculative influence of the treatment on anxiety and motor activity was tested in elevated plus-maze and in open field, respectively. We observed that both compounds did not have statistically significant influence on motor activity of rats in open field test. However, 3,5-DHPG at the dose of 0.01 nmol given alone and combined with Ang II tended to increase locomotor activity. 3,5-DHPG, given alone, significantly facilitated consolidation process in a passive avoidance situation (only at the dose of 0.01 nmol) but had no influence on acquisition and recall of information. Examination of the influence of 3,5-DHPG on the acquisition and extinction of CAR proved that it did not alter acquisition and extinction of these responses. In the elevated plus-maze, 3,5-DHPG had anxiogenic-like profile. Ang II, as repeatedly shown before, greatly increased passive avoidance latency, rate of acquisition of CARs and decreased their extinction. On the other hand, Ang II induced anxiolytic-like effect in elevated plus-maze. The pre-treatment of rats with 3,5-DHPG tended to attenuate behavioral effects of the Ang II administration. PMID: 11785924 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 161: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 May;155(3):251-9. Effects of central noradrenaline depletion by the selective neurotoxin DSP-4 on the behaviour of the isolated rat in the elevated plus maze and water maze. Lapiz MD, Mateo Y, Durkin S, Parker T, Marsden CA. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK. RATIONALE: Social isolation of the rat from weaning influences behaviour following central noradrenaline (NA) depletion by the selective neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4). OBJECTIVES: The study characterised the effects of DSP-4 on the behaviour of isolates in the elevated plus maze and water maze. METHODS: Male Lister hooded rats were reared singly or in groups after weaning. Two weeks postweaning, the rats were injected with DSP-4 (25 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. From week 4, rats were tested in the plus maze and in the water maze. RESULTS: DSP-4 significantly reduced cortical and hippocampal NA but had no effect on hypothalamic NA. Isolation rearing alone had no significant effects on behaviour in the elevated plus maze but enhanced retention of platform placement in the water maze as measured by increased entries to the platform annulus during the probe test. DSP-4 in group-reared rats increased activity in the open arms and increased general activity in the elevated plus maze with no effect on water maze performance. DSP-4-treated isolates spent less time in the open arms and were hypoactive in the plus maze compared to group-reared DSP-4-treated rats, and had impaired retention of spatial memory in the water maze compared to isolate controls. CONCLUSIONS: DSP-4 treatment had an 'anxiolytic' effect in group-reared rats in the elevated plus maze. In the water maze, isolation rearing enhanced retention of spatial information, an effect normalised by NA depletion. The results demonstrate the importance of noradrenergic function in the regulation of responsiveness to environmental cues. PMID: 11432687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 162: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Feb 1;129(1-2):203-10. Does head-only exposure to GSM-900 electromagnetic fields affect the performance of rats in spatial learning tasks? Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Memoire, et de la Communication, CNRS-UMR 8620, bat. 446, Universite Paris Sud, Orsay, France. diane.dubreuil@ibaic.u-psud.fr The rapid expansion of mobile communication has generated intense interest, but has also fuelled ongoing concerns. In both humans and animals, radiofrequency radiations are suspected to affect cognitive functions. More specifically, several studies performed in rodents have suggested that spatial learning can be impaired by electromagnetic field exposure. However, none of these previous studies have simulated the common conditions of GSM mobile phones use. This study is the first using a head-only exposure system emitting a 900-MHz GSM electromagnetic field (pulsed at 217 Hz). The two behavioural tasks that were evaluated here have been used previously to demonstrate performance deficits in spatial learning after electromagnetic field exposure: a classical radial maze elimination task and a spatial navigation task in an open-field arena (dry-land version of the Morris water maze). The performances of rats exposed for 45 min to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field (1 and 3.5 W/kg) were compared to those of sham-exposed and cage-control rats. There were no differences among exposed, sham, and cage-control rats in the two spatial learning tasks. The discussion focuses on the potential reasons that led previous studies to conclude that learning deficits do occur after electromagnetic field exposure. PMID: 11809512 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 163: Behav Brain Res. 2002 May 14;132(2):135-43. Behavioral profile of rats submitted to session 1-session 2 in the elevated plus-maze during diurnal/nocturnal phases and under different illumination conditions. Bertoglio LJ, Carobrez AP. Departamento de Farmacologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima 82, Florianopolis, SC 88015-420, Brazil. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) model usually employs nocturnal species (e.g. rats and mice) and the tests are almost exclusively performed during the diurnal phase (lights on), leading some laboratories to perform experiments with animals under a reversed light cycle to overcome this problem. However, it is questionable whether the artificial reversal of the light cycle for short periods guarantees modifications in all the physiological parameters found in normal subjects. The present study evaluated the session 1-session 2 (S1-S2) EPM profile in rats during their normal diurnal or nocturnal phase using different illumination conditions. Prior exposure to the EPM decreased open arm exploration for all groups in S2, regardless of the circadian phase and illumination condition; however, this behavior was decreased in subjects tested during the nocturnal phase, when compared to the diurnal phase. Risk assessment (RA) behavior was decreased under high illumination for both circadian phases in S1 and increased in the first minute of S2, when compared to the last minute of S1. Although open arm exploration and RA behavior were decreased under high illumination, when compared to low illumination conditions in both circadian phases, general locomotor activity was only decreased during the nocturnal phase. The results are discussed in terms of circadian variations in the behavioral profile and as a possible source of variability in pre-clinical models of anxiety. PMID: 11997144 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 164: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Apr;76(4):489-501. Low-power electromagnetic stimulation of osteotomized rabbit fibulae. A randomized, blinded study. Pienkowski D, Pollack SR, Brighton CT, Griffith NJ. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low-power-consuming symmetrical-waveform electromagnetic stimuli could increase the stiffness of fracture sites in a rabbit fibular-osteotomy model. Both active and placebo devices were used in a blinded study protocol. Dose-response studies of pulse amplitude and pulse width were performed by continuous application (twenty-four hours a day) of repetitive (fifteen-hertz), bursted (five-millisecond-long) symmetrical, rectangular electromagnetic stimulus waveforms. The power consumed by these stimuli is approximately one-fifth that consumed by the pulsing electromagnetic field devices that are in current clinical use. Significant increase of callus bending stiffness was produced by pulse widths of five to seven microseconds and pulse amplitudes of fifty to 100 millivolts. Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial PMID: 8150816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 165: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 18;420(1):33-43. Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism. Nakamura K, Kurasawa M. CNS Supporting Laboratory, Nippon Roche Research Center, 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, 247-8530, Kanagawa, Japan. kazuo.nakmura@roche.com The anxiolytic effects of aniracetam have not been proven in animals despite its clinical usefulness for post-stroke anxiety. This study, therefore, aimed to characterize the anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in different anxiety models using mice and to examine the mode of action. In a social interaction test in which all classes (serotonergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic) of compounds were effective, aniracetam (10-100 mg/kg) increased total social interaction scores (time and frequency), and the increase in the total social interaction time mainly reflected an increase in trunk sniffing and following. The anxiolytic effects were completely blocked by haloperidol and nearly completely by mecamylamine or ketanserin, suggesting an involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine, 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors in the anxiolytic mechanism. Aniracetam also showed anti-anxiety effects in two other anxiety models (elevated plus-maze and conditioned fear stress tests), whereas diazepam as a positive control was anxiolytic only in the elevated plus-maze and social interaction tests. The anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in each model were mimicked by different metabolites (i.e., p-anisic acid in the elevated plus-maze test) or specific combinations of metabolites. These results indicate that aniracetam possesses a wide range of anxiolytic properties, which may be mediated by an interaction between cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Thus, our findings suggest the potential usefulness of aniracetam against various types of anxiety-related disorders and social failure/impairments. PMID: 11412837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 166: Vrach Delo. 1980 Oct;(10):103-9. [Biomedical evaluation of electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Serdiuk AM. PMID: 7434689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 167: Physiol Bohemoslov. 1981;30(2):149-55. Contactless method for the continuous and selective study of motor activity in the laboratory rat. Rech F. The author suggests a system for the continuous, direct, long-term recording of the motor activity of a particular laboratory rat in a group. A pickup of the animal's presence and its motor activity in the given space supplies a desired signal coded by frequency modulation of the carrier frequency. Detection is effected by a phase lock. The carrier frequency of a controlled oscillator is altered within small limits by means of inductive coupling between the tuning coil of the oscillator and a shading ring. The shading ring, which marks the experimental animal, is oval and is made of thin insulated litz wire sutured in place subcutaneously on the animal's back. The coil of the controlled oscillator surrounds the whole of the space in which motor activity is recorded. As an example, in a study of maternal behaviour, the presence or absence of the female in the nest and the motor activity of the lactating female typical of washing the young and of suckling them are identified and compared with direct observations. PMID: 6454153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 168: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1976 Oct;82(10):1163-5. [Changes in the selfexcitation reaction in rats under the effect of modulated electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Antimonii GD, Badikov VI, Kel' AA, Krasnov EA, Sudakov SK. The effect of electromagnetic field with various modulation frequencies (2, 7, and 50 hertz) on the reaction of selfstimulation was studied in rats. The frequency of 2 hertz proved to cause a primary increase in the incidence of the selstimulation reaction, followed by its depression; the frequency 7 hertz at first failed to alter the selfstimulation intensity and then led to the gradual reduction of the incidence of the selfstimulation reaction; the frequency of 50 hertz depressed the selfstimulation reaction practically from the very beginning. The changes in the selfstimulation reaction were independent of the localization of the stimulating electrodes, but were determined by the frequency of the EMF modulation. PMID: 1029490 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 169: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 May-Jun;42(3):260-7. [Prediction of the severity of damage and disruption of work ability in reaction of the body to alcohol load prior to radiation exposure in the superlethal range] [Article in Russian] Darenskaia NG, Korotkevich AO, Maliutina TS, Nasonova TA, Bulgakov AI. State Research Center-Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 123182 Russia. In experiments on 121 white non-linear rats, 44 Papio hamadryas and 29 Macaca fascicularis, animals' reactions on the alcohol impact (AI) and following exposure to supralethal doses were compared. The animals were intravenously injected with 5% ethanol in the glucose solution, 2.1 g/kg for rats and 0.46-0.51 g/kg for monkeys. Monkeys' response to AI was scored in four-point scale by estimating of abnormalities in motor activity, coordination of motion and changes in conditioned reflex activity. It was shown that changes in the ability of alcohol-injected rats to perform the learnt exercises in the "jump box" could be used for prediction of their response to the exposure to supralethal doses of ionizing radiation. Observing the AI-response in monkeys along with a method "function of spying for moving object" made possible to predict not only a general degree of loss of working ability but also to estimate individual impairments of spying functions. In 65% monkeys high similarity of the reactions to AI and ionizing radiation was observed. PMID: 12125263 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 170: Physiol Behav. 2001 Jan;72(1-2):99-106. Influence of circadian phase and test illumination on pre-clinical models of anxiety. Jones N, King SM. Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. nick@psychol.ucl.ac.uk Pre-clinical models of anxiety, particularly the elevated plus-maze (EPM), have been shown to be sensitive to a variety of methodological variations. Recent research has implicated circadian phase of testing in influencing the behavioural profile of 5-HT(1A) ligands on the EPM. The present study investigated the effects of testing animals during the dark and light phases and in light and subjective dark test conditions on baseline behaviour in animal models of anxiety. Eighty singly housed male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a battery of unconditioned, exploratory tests (EPM, open field arena, holeboard) and a new model of extreme anxiety, the unstable elevated exposed plus-maze (UEEPM). Circadian phase of testing failed to consistently alter behaviour on any model. Level of test illumination had no effect on subjects' response to the open field arena, holeboard or UEEPM. Dark testing increased locomotor activity on the EPM (total arm entries, closed arm entries and distance moved) without decreasing open-arm avoidance. The construct of anxiety as measured by a number of different paradigms withstood major intra-laboratory manipulation of circadian phase of testing and illumination of apparatus. It is suggested that the effects of circadian rhythmicity may be confined to the behavioural profiles of serotonergic, particularly 5-HT(1A), ligands on the EPM. PMID: 11239986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 171: Brain Res. 2001 Jun 1;902(2):135-42. Antagonism of CRF(2) receptors produces anxiolytic behavior in animal models of anxiety. Takahashi LK, Ho SP, Livanov V, Graciani N, Arneric SP. Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA. lkt@hawaii.edu Two pharmacologically distinct CRF receptors are distributed in different brain regions and peripheral tissues. Studies suggest that CRF(1) receptors play an important role in mediating the anxiety provoking effects of CRF. In contrast, far less functional information is available on CRF(2) receptors. Therefore, we conducted dose response studies using antisauvagine-30 (anti-SVG-30, 0-20 microg, 20-min pretreatment, i.c.v.), a potent CRF(2) peptide antagonist, and tested rats in three models of anxiety - the conditioned freezing, the elevated plus maze, and the defensive-withdrawal test. Anti-SVG-30 produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in conditioned freezing. In the elevated plus maze test, administration of anti-SVG-30 effectively increased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms. In the defensive-withdrawal test, anti-SVG-30 treatment facilitated exploratory activity in a large illuminated open field. Thus, in all three animal models, administration of anti-SVG-30 was consistent in producing an anxiolytic-like behavioral effect. In addition, a dose of anti-SVG-30 (10 microg) that produced anxiolytic-like behavior had no significant effects on locomotor activity measured in an automated activity box. This latter finding suggests that antagonism of CRF(2) receptors is not associated with a non-specific increase in behavioral movements. These results provide evidence that, in addition to CRF(1) receptors, CRF(2) receptors may play an important role in the mediation of anxiety behavior. PMID: 11384606 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 172: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;10(1):18-25. Anxiolytic effects of mecamylamine in two animal models of anxiety. Newman MB, Manresa JJ, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD. Center for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA. Clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, may have anxiolytic properties. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the anxiolytic properties of mecamylamine in rats as measured by the Elevated Plus Maze and the Social Interaction models of anxiety and to determine if manipulation of the testing environment (either brightly lit or dimly lit conditions) influenced the results. Results indicated that mecamylamine had significant anxiolytic effects in both the Elevated Plus Maze and Social Interaction Tests and that these effects were dependent on dose administered and the level of anxiety produced under different testing conditions. If confirmed by further clinical research, nicotinic receptor antagonists like mecamylamine may represent a novel class of anxiolytics. PMID: 11866248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 173: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Nov-Dec;50(6):991-8. [Characteristics of behavior of knockout mice with genetic monoamine oxidase A deficiency] [Article in Russian] Popova NK, Skrinskaia IuA, Amstislavskaia TG, Vishnivetskaia GB, Seif I, De Mayer E. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk. The effect of deletion of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) in the gene encoding on behavior of transgenic Tg8 mice was studied. A decrease in the amplitude of acoustic startle reflex rather than the prepulse inhibition was found in lacking MAO A Tg8 mice, as compared with the control C3H strain. The exploratory activity in the hole-board test in Tg8 was decreased as well as the number of crossed lines in the light-dark test. Tg8 mice showed decreased latency and increased intensity of intermale aggression. At the same time, no difference was found between Tg8 and C3H mice in locomotor activity, in the expression of sexual motivation, and in the behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. No predisposition to catalepsy was shown. PMID: 11190099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 174: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):80-1. [Changes in enzyme activity of the lymphocytes in animals in the evaluation of the adaptive reactions to electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency] [Article in Russian] Dyshlovoi VD, Ianovskaia AS, Chaplinskaia TS. PMID: 2599412 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 175: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Apr 15;132(1):85-93. Estrogen's effects on activity, anxiety, and fear in two mouse strains. Morgan MA, Pfaff DW. Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 275, New York, NY 10021, USA. Estrogen has effects on activity levels and emotional reactivity in both humans and rats. In a recent study conducted in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 (C57) mice we found that treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) increased anxiety, fear learning, and running wheel activity relative to vehicle control (Veh). The present study was conducted to examine the stability of these findings across mouse strains (C57 and Swiss-Webster; SW), to get a better sense of the magnitude of the anxiety response by reducing baseline anxiety levels, and to discover if EB affects activity levels in a safe environment other than the home-cage running wheel. Mice of both strains treated with EB (s.c. implant, 25 microg in sesame oil, which enters the body over 5 weeks) were more anxious than Veh animals in the open field, elevated plus, and dark-light transition tests. SW animals were less anxious than C57 in the elevated plus. EB-treated animals of both strains were more active in the running wheel than Veh animals, and more active in the test of spontaneous activity in the home cage. EB-treatment also increased fear learning in a step-down avoidance task. EB appears to have a consistent but moderate effect in elevating anxiety and in increasing fear learning in two strains of mice. It is also involved in increasing activity in two different types of locomotion in the safer home cage. We conclude that these results of increased anxiety/fear and increased activity are suggestive of a general increase in arousal, with both sets of responses increasing the likelihood of reproductive behaviors occurring only when the environment predicts success. PMID: 11853861 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 176: Med Pregl. 2001 Mar-Apr;54(3-4):119-27. Morphophysiological status of rat thyroid gland after subchronic exposure to low frequency electromagnetic field. [Article in English, Croatian] Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Lukac T, Gledic D, Babic L, Lazetic B. Institut za biologiju, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, 21000 Novi Sad. vesnar@unsim.ns.ac.yu The objective of this study was to examine the impact of low-frequency electromagnetic field on male rat thyroid gland of Mill Hill strain. Animals were exposed to 50 Hz frequency, of decaying intensity from 500 microT to 50 microT and 10 V/m field, beginning 24 hours after birth, 7 hours a day, 5 days a week during three months. Results of histological and stereological analysis showed increased volume density of thyroid follicles, decreased thickness of the follicular epithelium, intrafollicular colloid content in lumen, decreased thyroid activation index, increased volume density of parafollicular cells, decreased volume of interfollicular connective tissue and increased number of degranulated mast cells in exposed animals in regard to control animals. Radioimmunologic assays were used to examine thyroid hormone concentrations in the blood serum revealing decrease of the total T4 as well as of total T3 in animals exposed to electromagnetic field in regard to controls. The obtained results show that a three month-exposition of animals to low frequency electromagnetic field led to morphofunctional alterations of the thyroid gland that can be referred to as reduced activity of the gland. PMID: 11759202 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 177: J Microw Power. 1976 Jun;11(2):145-6. Proceedings: Comparative study of the action of three types of microwave fields upon the behavior of the white rat. Servantie B, Gillard J, Servantie AM, Obrenovitch J, Bertharion G, Perrin JC, Creton B. PMID: 1047672 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 178: Lik Sprava. 1993 Jan;(1):65-9. [Changes in the immune status under the influence of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation] [Article in Russian] Dumanskii IuD, Nogachevskaia SI. Experiments on white rats showed that electromagnetic radiation (24 MHz, 400 W/m and 20 W/m) caused leucopenia, reduction of E and EAC rosette formation of lymphocytes, functional activity of neutrophils within 2 months of radiation. No immunosuppressive effect was seen with 24 MHz, 100 W/m radiation, while 400 W/m inhibited E-rosette formation in the presence of tissue antigens. PMID: 8379142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 179: Neuropsychobiology. 2001;43(3):192-9. Dopaminergic lateralisation in the forebrain: relations to behavioural asymmetries and anxiety in male Wistar rats. Thiel CM, Schwarting RK. Institute of Physiological Psychology I, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Germany. Neurochemical lateralisation has been demonstrated in dopaminergic systems in the rat brain, and it has been suggested that such lateralisation might contribute to asymmetric and emotional behaviour. Here, we investigated dopaminergic brain lateralisation in relation to spontaneous and drug-induced behavioural asymmetries, and to emotional behaviour in a sample of 24 male Wistar rats. Asymmetric behaviour was measured in the open field in the undrugged state and after a systemic challenge with the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg). Emotional behaviour was measured in the elevated plus-maze. Dopaminergic lateralisation was assessed by means of a post-mortem analysis of tissue dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) content. We found higher DOPAC/DA ratios in the neostriatum, ventral striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala of the right hemisphere. In the open field, the complete sample of rats did not show a left/right asymmetry in spontaneous behaviour, whereas systemic scopolamine induced a left-sided preference in thigmotactic scanning. A correlational analysis yielded individual relationships between behaviour and post-mortem neurochemistry, since lateralisation of DOPAC/DA ratios in favour of the right ventral striatum was related to right-side thigmotaxis. Furthermore, a right dopaminergic lateralisation in the frontal cortex was associated with lower anxiety. The study indicates that asymmetries in ventral striatal dopamine might contribute to side preferences in thigmotactic scanning while frontal dopaminergic lateralisation might influence emotional processing. Copyright 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel PMID: 11287799 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 180: Pharmacol Res. 2001 Oct;44(4):329-35. Baclofen prevents hypoxia-induced consolidation impairment for passive avoidance in rats. Car H, Oksztel R, Nadlewska A, Wisniewski K. Medical Academy of Bialystok, Department of Pharmacology, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland. We investigated the effects of baclofen, a selective GABA-B receptor agonist, on certain behaviours in rats after short-term hypoxia, as a model of experimentally induced amnesia. Baclofen given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a dose of 0.25 mg kg(-1) increased the number of crossings and bar approaches in the open field, but was ineffective in the passive avoidance tests; it also shortened the time spent in open arms and reduced the number of open arms entries in an elevated 'plus' maze, being a measure of anxiety. Hypoxia (2% O2, 98% N2) within 4 min profoundly impaired locomotor activity, consolidation and retrieval of conditioned responses, and exhibited a proaxiogenic effect in the elevated 'plus' maze in rats--it reduced the time spent in open arms and the number of entries to closed and open arms. Baclofen's effect on locomotor and exploratory activity was substantially impaired after hypoxia, i.e. rats exhibited a significant reduction in those activities. This agonist of GABA-B receptor used before hypoxia significantly improved consolidation, but had no effect on retrieval. In the elevated 'plus' maze rats pre-treated with baclofen and then subjected to hypoxia prolonged the time spent in open arms, reduced the time spent in closed arms, and increased the number of entries to the arms, i.e. exhibited anxiolytic effect. We conclude, therefore, that baclofen improved consolidation of passive avoidance in rats undergoing hypoxia. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. PMID: 11592869 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 181: Physiol Behav. 2002 Feb 1-15;75(1-2):15-23. Spatial memory deficit and emotional abnormality in OLETF rats. Li XL, Aou S, Hori T, Oomura Y. Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University 60, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is deeply involved in the control of learning and emotional behaviors. The authors characterize the behavioral properties of Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which lack the CCK-A receptor because of a genetic abnormality. In the Morris water-maze task, the OLETF rats showed an impaired spatial memory. In the inhibitory avoidance test, they showed facilitating response 24 h after training. Hypoalgesia was observed in a hot-plate test. In the elevated plus-maze and food neophobia test, OLETF rats showed an anxiety-like response. In addition, OLETF rats were hypoactive in the Morris water-maze and the elevated plus-maze. The results suggest that the OLETF rats showed a spatial memory deficit, hypoactivity and anxiety due, at least in part, to the lack of CCK-A receptors. PMID: 11890948 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 182: Neuropeptides. 2001 Apr;35(2):100-9. The effects of CRA 1000, a non-peptide antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1, on adaptive behaviour in the rat. Harro J, Tonissaar M, Eller M. Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia. jharro@ut.ee Intracerebrally administered CRF has been demonstrated to elicit several behavioural deficits in novel and potentially stressful experimental paradigms, and to promote activity in familiar situations. This study examined the effect of CRA 1000, a novel non-peptide antagonist of CRF(1)receptors, on rat behaviour in tests of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity and novelty-oriented behaviour. CRA 1000 (1.25-10 mg/kg) had no major effect in elevated plus-maze and social interaction tests. However, CRA 1000 (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility in the forced swimming test, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. In the exploration box test, CRA 1000 (1.25 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic effect on rat exploratory behaviour both in intact rats and after lesioning of the projections of locus coeruleus by DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) treatment. A higher dose of CRA 1000 (5 mg/kg) tended to have anxiolytic-like effects in DSP-4 pretreated rats, but in intact animals this dose prevented the increase in exploration which develops with repeated exposure to initially anxiety-provoking situations. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that CRF1 receptor blockade by CRA 1000 has antidepressant-like effects, does not have a robust anti-anxiety effect in non-stressed animals, but does have anxiolytic-like effects in more complex tasks, which can be observed also after denervation of the locus coeruleus projections. However, large doses of CRF1 receptor antagonists may reduce motivation of exploratory behaviour in familiar environments. Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. PMID: 11384205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 183: In Vivo. 2001 Nov-Dec;15(6):489-94. In vivo modulation of ETS genes induced by electromagnetic fields. Mucci N, Ianni A, Ursini CL, Arzani D, Bhat NK, Navarra P, Romano-Spica V. Department of Occupational Medicine, I.S.P.E.S.L., Rome, Italy. We have previously shown that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure induces ETS1 oncogene overexpression in different cell lines. In order to investigate in vivo EMF effects, BALB/c mice were exposed at different times to 50 MHz radiation, modulated (80%) at 16 Hz. The exposed and control animals were sacrificed and the spleen excised for rt-pcr and western blot analysis. We observed an increase in ETS1 mRNA and protein expression, but a decrease in ETS2 protein levels. Preliminary results from this experimental model show in vivo evidence of the effect of EMF on ETS oncogene expression. PMID: 11887334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 184: Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):286. Comment on: Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):267-78. Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):279-85. Rodent carcinogenicity studies on magnetic fields. Schwetz B. FDA (HF-32), Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA. Publication Types: Comment PMID: 10356704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 185: Exp Neurol. 2001 May;169(1):96-104. Enhanced excitability induced by ionizing radiation in the kindled rat. Jenrow KA, Ratkewicz AE, Elisevich KV. Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA. Evidence derived from both clinical and experimental investigations has suggested an influence of ionizing radiation on focal epileptogenicity. To better characterize this influence we applied focal ionizing radiation to a kindled epileptic focus in the rat amygdala. The right and left basolateral amygdala and right frontal cortex were implanted with concentric bipolar electrodes. Rats were kindled through a minimum of 10 stage 5 seizures by afterdischarge-threshold electrostimulation of the left amygdala, after which generalized seizure thresholds were determined prior to irradiation. The left amygdala was exposed to single-fraction central-axis doses of either 18 or 25 Gy using a beam-collimated (60)Co source (1.25 MeV). Generalized seizure thresholds were then redetermined at weekly intervals for 10 weeks and at monthly intervals for an additional 3 months. We observed no significant changes in seizure threshold during the postirradiation interval; however, we did observe persistent changes in seizure dynamics manifesting within the first week postirradiation. These consisted of an increased tendency for seizure activity to propagate into brain stem circuits during the primary ictus (i.e., "running fits") and an increased tendency for secondary convulsions to emerge postictally. These effects involving seizure dynamics have not been reported previously and appear to represent a radiation-induced disinhibition of one or more neural circuits. The disparity between these effects and earlier reports of seizure-suppressive effects resulting from analogous radiation exposures is discussed in relation to kindling and status epilepticus-induced pathogenesis within the hippocampus. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. PMID: 11312562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 186: Acta Physiol Pol. 1975 Sep-Oct;26(5):523-7. Changes in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in radiation-sickness. Effect of x-ray radiation on pharmacodynamic activity of nitrazepam in animals. Szczawinska K, Chodera A, Wojciak Z, Kozaryn I. PMID: 1224989 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 187: Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2001 Nov;11(65):447-51. [Immunotropic effects of electromagnetic fields in the range of radio- and microwave frequencies] [Article in Polish] Dabrowski MP, Stankiewicz W, Sobiczewska E, Szmigielski S. Zaklad Ochrony Mikrofalowej Wojskowego Instytutu Higieny i Epidemiologii w Warszawie. On the grounds of reviewed literature and the results of own experiments, the authors present current views on the possible immunotropic influence of low energy electromagnetic fields, in the range of radio- and microwave frequencies. They conclude, that a more systematic and multidisciplinary investigations should be undertaken, comprising the wide spectrum of immune homeostatic tasks, including defensive, immunoregulatory and pro-regenerative capabilities of immune system exposed to rapid environmental spread of different electromagnetic emitters. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 11852821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 188: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 May-Jun;37(3):328-35. [The dependence of the biological effect of electron radiation on the pulse repetition rate. The dependence of mortality and life span in rats on the radiation dose and pulse repetition rate] [Article in Russian] Darenskaia NG, Nasonova TA, Aleshin SN, Vainer EA, Grinev MP. Quantitative regularities have been established for mortality and life-span of rats in relation to the pulse recurrence frequency (3-2400 s-1) of electron radiation with electron energies of 25 and 50 MeV. Electrons with pulse recurrence frequencies of 600 and 1200 s-1 have shown a higher biological effectiveness. PMID: 9244519 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 189: Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999 Sep;1(5):281-4. Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits food intake and produces anxiety-like behaviour at very low doses in mice. Momose K, Inui A, Asakawa A, Ueno N, Nakajima M, Fujimiya M, Kasuga M. Metabolic Disease Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan. AIM: Previous studies have demonstrated that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces behavioural, physiological and immunological responses similar to those induced by stress. However, these findings have been validated largely in laboratory rats. METHODS: We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of CRF on anxiety and food intake in mice. Using the elevated-plus maze, we measured anxiety levels after i.c.v. CRF in mice. We also measured food intake for 2 h after i.c.v. CRF. RESULTS: CRF increased the normal preference for the closed arms of the maze at a very low dose of 3 pmol, indicating an anxiogenic effect. CRF powerfully suppressed food intake at the doses of 3-300 pmol for over 2 h. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that i.c.v. CRF evokes anxiogenic behaviour and suppresses feeding with the same dose-response relationships in mice. CRF may thus play a role in integrating the overall responses to stress through co-ordinated actions in the brain of this species. PMID: 11225639 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 190: Biofizika. 1999 Sep-Oct;44(5):931-2. [Change in the percent of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme level in testes of animals exposed to superhigh frequency radiation] [Article in Russian] Afromeev VI, Tkachenko VN. Research Production Venture Stek, Tula, Russia. The content of six lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in testes of rats exposed to electromagnetic field of 3-cm wavelength range was studied. The changes in their percent contents were found to be inhomogeneous compared with control. It is assumed that electromagnetic radiation affects the organs of the human urinogenital system. The results can be used for estimating the safety of persons professionally exposed to electromagnetic radiation of the industrial frequency range and in the therapy of diseases of the urinogenital system. PMID: 10624539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 191: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1999 Mar;50(1):5-11. Animal study on electromagnetic field biological potency. Trosic I, Matausicpisl M, Radalj Z, Prlic I. Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia. itrosic@imi.hr This recent basic research study used an animal model protocol to assess specific biomarkers of the effect of non-ionising, non-thermal radiation (2450 MHz microwave radiation at 5-15 mW/cm2) on bone marrow, peripheral blood, and bronchoalveolar free cell populations. Of 40 male Wistar rats taken in the study, 20 animals of the experimental group were irradiated for 2 hours a day, 5 days a week, and subsequently killed on days 1, 8, 16, and 30 of the experiment. The remaining 20 rats served as control. All animals were previously intratracheally instilled with biologically inert microspheres to see the influence of irradiation on lung retention kinetics. The cell response to chosen electromagnetic irradiation was followed quantitatively and qualitatively using the standard laboratory methods. The results of peripheral blood cell response suggested a decreasing tendency in total leukocyte count and in relative lymphocyte count in the treated group. A slight increase was also observed in granulocyte count and in the absolute count of peripheral blood erythrocytes over control animals. PMID: 10457649 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 192: Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16(5):335-6; discussion 337-8. Do rats show a behavioral sensitivity to low-level magnetic fields? Stern S. Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA. PMID: 8554636 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 193: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Jan;23(1):68-82. Health and safety implications of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 300 Hz to 10 MHz. Litvak E, Foster KR, Repacholi MH. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. An international seminar on health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the frequency range from 300 Hz to 10 MHz (referred to as the Intermediate Frequency (IF) range) was held in Maastricht, Netherlands, on 7-8 June 1999. The seminar, organized under the International EMF Project, was sponsored jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and the Government of the Netherlands. This report does not attempt to summarize all of the material presented at the conference, but focuses on sources of exposure, biophysical and dosimetric considerations pertinent to extrapolating biological data from other frequency ranges to IF and identifies potential health concerns and needs for developing exposure guidelines. This paper is based on presentations at the conference and reports of working groups consisting of the speakers and other experts. It concludes with recommendations for further research aimed at improving health risk assessments in this frequency range. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Publication Types: Congresses PMID: 11793407 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 194: Eur J Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;80(8):562-6. Stimulation of phagocytosis and free radical production in murine macrophages by 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Simko M, Droste S, Kriehuber R, Weiss DG. University of Rostock, Institute of Cell Biology and Biosystems Technology, Division of Environmental Physiology, Germany. myrtill.simko@biologie.uni-rostock.de Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on phagocytosis and free radical production were examined in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Macrophages were in vitro exposed to electromagnetic fields using different magnetic field densities (0.5-1.5 mT). Short-time exposure (45 min) to electromagnetic fields resulted in significantly increased phagocytic uptake (36.3% +/- 15.1%) as quantified by measuring the internalization rate of latex beads. Stimulation with 1 nM 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) showed the same increased phagocytic activity as 1 mT electromagnetic fields. However, co-exposure to electromagnetic fields and TPA showed no further increase of bead uptake, and therefore we concluded that because of the absence of additive effects, the electromagnetic fields-induced stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages does not involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, a significant increased superoxide production after exposure to electromagnetic fields was detected. PMID: 11561907 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 195: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):700-5. [Effects of 2375 MHz pulse-modulated microwave radiation on ATPase activity of the rat muscle actomyosin] [Article in Russian] Pashovskina MS, Akoev IG. Solution of rat muscle actomyosin (AM) was exposed to pulse-modulated microwave. Carried frequency was 2375 MHz. The rectangular pulse modulation was in the range of 50-300 pulses per second. It was shown that AM activity was dependent both on modulation frequency as well as on microwave intensity. It was shown the frequencies of modulation which were changed ATP-ase activity of AM. PMID: 9019280 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 196: Science. 1983 Jun 17;220(4603):1283-5. Pulsing electromagnetic fields induce cellular transcription. Goodman R, Bassett CA, Henderson AS. Weak, pulsing electromagnetic fields can modify biological processes. The hypothesis that responses to such induced currents depend on pulse characteristics was evaluated by using transcription as the target process. Two pulses in clinical use, the repetitive single pulse and the repetitive pulse train, were tested. These pulses produced different results from each other and from controls when transcription in dipteran salivary gland cells was monitored with tritiated uridine in transcription autoradiography, cytological nick translation, and analysis of isolated RNA fractions. The single pulse increased the specific activity of messenger RNA after 15 and 45 minutes of exposure. The pulse train increased specific activity only after 45 minutes of exposure. PMID: 6857248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 197: Farmakol Toksikol. 1980 Jul-Aug;43(4):334-8. [Pharmacological characteristics of the tranquilizing action of hydiphen] [Article in Russian] Zainkonnikova IV, Val'dman AV, Kozlovskaia MM, Rzhevskaia GF. Hydiphen--hydrazide of diphenylphosphinylacetic acid--is a new Soviet tranquilizer having an original spectrum of psychotropic activity. It depresses an aroused emotional state of fear-anxiety, decreases the state of conflict in group interaction. It produces neither myorelaxation nor increase in positive emotions. The drug is not toxic. It possesses the central N-cholinolytic, antiadrenergic and antiserotonin effects. PMID: 7439361 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 198: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Jan;23(1):2-6. Effect of short duration electromagnetic field exposures on rat mass. Sandrey MA, Vesper DN, Johnson MT, Nindl G, Swez JA, Chamberlain J, Balcavage WX. School of Physical Education, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA. msandrey@wvu.edu Daily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements of 65 rats (young males and females, old males) a proprietary pulsed wound healing field, pulsed electromagnetic field, (PEMF), or their control fields for 4 h/day for 21 days. Statistical analysis of mass changes over time showed that young rats exposed to PEMF lost more mass and recovered it more slowly compared to controls (2-4% more loss) than did older PEMF exposed rats or any 60 Hz exposed rats. We conclude that daily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements are needed to adequately assess the effects of electromagnetic fields on body mass. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 11793400 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 199: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):8-11. [Changes in gastric electric activity and serum catecholamine level under the influence of electromagnetic microwaves (experimental studies)] [Article in Russian] Kulkybaev GA, Pospelov NI. Chronic experiments on 17 dogs revealed that ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic waves applied on epigastric area and head induce a double-phase response: depressed electric activity of gaster and increased total catecholamines level during exposure, but higher gastric activity and lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in 24 hours after each of 10 procedures and during 7 days after 10 procedures. Double-phase changes in electric activity of gaster could be explained by double-phase fluctuations of humoral division in chromaffin system. PMID: 10881538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 200: Behav Brain Res. 2001 Aug 1;122(2):169-74. Vibrissal sense is not the main sensory modality in rat exploratory behavior in the elevated plus-maze. Cardenas F, Lamprea MR, Morato S. Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil. Four groups of male Wistar rats were submitted to acute bilateral removal of mystacial vibrissae at different lengths from the follicle. Each group was divided into two subgroups, tested under high (150 Lux) and low environmental illumination (2 Lux). All the subjects were allowed to freely explore an elevated plus-maze for 5 min. Results indicated that rats tested under low illumination tended to explore the open arms more frequently and longer then rats tested under high illumination. When tested under low illumination, rats in the group that suffered whole vibrissa removal stayed longer in the open arms than those in the other groups but did not differ in the number of entries. The average increase in the length of open arm entries, rather than a decrease in aversion to the open arms, may be due to the need of more time to obtain information about the environment since there is no light and the vibrissae were removed. This effect was not seen with rats tested under high illumination, possibly because vision could be used to obtain relevant information. PMID: 11334647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 201: Biofizika. 1995 Sep-Oct;40(5):969-73. [Modification of reactions of rats to the effect of weak variable magnetic fields using a stress factor] [Article in Russian] Temur'iants NA, Mikhailov AV, Malygina VI. Stress-factor (hypokinesia) modifies the reaction of the adaptation, which develops under the changeable magnetic fields influence with 8 Hz frequency and 5 microT induction. It's being corroborated by the decrease of nonspecific resistance in the initial adaptation period, by the increase of central nervous system excitability, by the absence of catecholamines accumulation in the hypothalamus and in adrenal glands. PMID: 8555295 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 202: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1995;(7):40-2. [A neuropharmacological study of amnesia in animals induced by ultra high frequency electromagnetic irradiation] [Article in Russian] Iasnetsov VV, Pal'tsev IuP, Popov VM, Levina AV. PMID: 7551702 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 203: Pol J Pharmacol. 2000 Jul-Aug;52(4):247-54. 3,5-DHPG influences behavioral effects of baclofen in rats. Car H, Nadlewska A, Wisniewski K. Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland. The role of 3,5-DHPG, an agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (I mGluRs) in certain behavioral effects of baclofen, an agonist of GABA-B receptor, was assessed. Baclofen, given intraperitoneally (ip) at the dose of 0.25 mg/kg, enhanced the number of crossings and bar approaches in the open field and was ineffective in the passive avoidance tests, and it prolonged time spent in closed arms and shortened time spent in open arms, reduced number of entries into open arms in the elevated "plus" maze, measuring anxiety. 3,5-DHPG given intracerebroventricularly (icv) alone at doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nmole did not change locomotor activity in the open field test, except bar approaches: when 3,5-DHPG was given at the dose of 0.01 nmole it enhanced the activity of rats. At doses of 0.01 and 1.0 nmole it improved, but at the dose of 0.1 nmole it significantly impaired retrieval in the passive avoidance situation. All used doses of 3,5-DHPG did not influence the time spent in closed or open arms and the number of entries into open or closed arms in the elevated "plus" maze. 3,5-DHPG, given at the doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nmole 10 min after baclofen significantly changed the effect of baclofen decreasing crossings and rearings in the open field, while 3,5-DHPG used at the doses of 0.01 and 1.0 nmole in rats pretreated with baclofen reduced bar approaches. Rats which received baclofen and, 10 min later, 3,5-DHPG at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 nmole, showed significantly improved retrieval in the passive avoidance response. The effect of 3,5-DHPG and baclofen were changed, i.e. 3,5-DHPG and baclofen can cooperate in retrieval process. Coadministration of baclofen and 3,5-DHPG at the dose of 1.0 nmole reduced time spent in the open arms in comparison with baclofen, i.e. this dose of 3,5-DHPG changed the effect of baclofen evaluated in the "plus" maze. Summary, the activation of I mGluR by 3,5-DHPG modulates GABA-B neurotransmission stimulated by baclofen, which is reflected by changing behavioral activity of rats. PMID: 11345480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 204: Biofizika. 1994 May-Jun;39(3):515-8. [Controlled effect of an impulse electromagnetic field on the central nervous system] [Article in Russian] Pestriaev VA. Faint influences of impulses (1 ms) electromagnetic fields (173 A/m) with dynamic frequency-impulse modulation, which is regulated by feedback from electrocorticogram, and influences with fixed frequency of impulses run infra-low range affect on changing of current function state of central nervous system in different ways, is established. The white rats in the sleep-wake cycle were used in experiments. Besides, the first regimen of influence is more effective for changing of character of bioelectrical activity of cortex of head brain. The second one-for support of current processes of synchronization. PMID: 8043642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 205: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 14;433(1):91-9. Increased anxiety and impaired memory in rats 3 months after administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"). Morley KC, Gallate JE, Hunt GE, Mallet PE, McGregor IS. Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Male Wistar rats were administered either (a) a high dose regime of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (4 x 5 mg/kg, i.p. over 4 h on each of 2 consecutive days), (b) a moderate dose regime of MDMA (1 x 5 mg/kg on each of 2 consecutive days), (c) D-amphetamine (4 x 1 mg/kg over 4 h on each of 2 days), or (d) vehicle injections. The high MDMA dose regime and the amphetamine treatment both produced acute hyperactivity and hyperthermia. Twelve weeks later, all rats were tested in the drug-free state on a battery of anxiety tests (elevated plus maze, emergence and social interaction tests). A further 2 weeks later they were tested on a novel object recognition memory task. Rats previously given the neurotoxic dose of MDMA showed greater anxiety-like behaviour on all three anxiety tests relative to both controls and D-amphetamine-treated rats. Rats given the moderate MDMA dose regime also showed increased anxiety-like behaviour on all three tests, although to a lesser extent than rats in the high dose group. In the object recognition task, rats given the high MDMA dose regime showed impaired memory relative to all other groups when tested at a 15-min delay but not at a 60-min delay. Rats previously exposed to amphetamine did not differ from saline controls in the anxiety or memory tests. These data suggest that moderate to heavy MDMA exposure over 48 h may lead to increased anxiety and memory impairment 3 months later, possibly through a neurotoxic effect on brain serotonin systems. PMID: 11755138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 206: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1990 May-Jun;(3):58-66. [The experimental and clinical aspects of the action of electromagnetic fields on the endocrine glands and brain] [Article in Russian] Bogoliubov VM, Karpukhin IV, Maliavin AG. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 2219822 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 207: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2002 May;79(1):25-31. The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Gokcimen A, Ozguner F, Karaoz E, Ozen S, Aydin G. Department of Histology and Embryology, S. Demirel University, School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey. agokcimen@yahoo.com In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic fields exposure. Thirty albino young male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. They were divided into 3 groups. Control group (C) (n: 10) received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5% ethanol for two weeks. Only magnetic field exposed (MF) group (n: 10); only magnetic field exposed had daily intraperitoneal injections of physiologic saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5% ethanol for two weeks. Magnetic field exposed and melatonin treated (MF+m) group (n: 10); melatonin was dissolved in ethanol with further dilution in physiological saline. The animals in this group were exposed magnetic fields for two weeks. The magnetic fields exposed animals had intraperitoneal single dose of 4 mg/kg melatonin (0.1 ml/100 g) at 10:00 o'clock daily for two weeks following magnetic fields exposure. We used commercial CB handheld portable transceiver, Midland (USA) labelled, of 4 Watts, 40 channel. This channel frequency has been measured 27.17 MHz with frequency counter. According to the IRPA exposure standards; for 27 MHz, for 6 min, exposure limit is 0.2 mW/cm2. This value is for General Public. For occupational exposure limit is 1 mW/cm2. We have to consider General Public exposure limit. Therefore our limit is 0.2 mW/cm2. In other words; in this study; our exposure is always over the recommended limit. All the animals were decapitated. Liver samples were fixed in buffered neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were dyed with hematoxylen-eosin. Sections were examined under light microscopy. In MF group; sinusoidal dilatations, mixed cell infiltrations noticed in the periportal area, necrosis and vacuoler degeneration were determined in liver samples. However, parenchymal and stromal structures were observed to be prevented partially from effects of magnetic fields in melatonin treated group. In conclusion, it is suggested that melatonin has a mild preventive effect on magnetic field exposed changes in liver tissue in the rats. PMID: 12199535 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 208: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1991 Nov-Dec;25(6):30-3. [Grooming and motor activity of rats during hyperbaric exposure] [Article in Russian] Sledkov AIu. An experiment was performed in which Wistar male rats were exposed to a N2-O2 atmosphere at 10 kgf/sm2 or He-O2 atmosphere at 10 and 40 kgf/cm2. During the experiment grooming and motor activity as well as plasma corticosterone were investigated. Irrespective of the atmosphere composition, behavioural and biochemical parameters were found to increase significantly. At 10 kgf/cm2, the grooming frequency returned to normal faster than at a higher pressure. These observations give evidence for a nonspecific effect of the above hyperbaric factors on the parameters taken under study. PMID: 8577160 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 209: Med Pregl. 1997 Sep-Oct;50(9-10):357-62. [The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system] [Article in Croatian] Lazetic B, Kozarcic T, Stankov K. Zavod za fiziologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad. This paper presents literature data about effects of low-intensity variable electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system of experimental animals. We mostly paid attention to electromagnetic fields frequently found in our environment, in technological processes, even in our everyday life. This study shows that the regulatory systems (nervous and endocrine) are extremely sensitive to effects of electromagnetic fields. In regard to structures of the central nervous system hypothalamus shows particularly high sensitivity whereas we can consider a hypothesis that effects of this physical factor may be expected in other systems too. It has been emphasized that the effects of electromagnetic fields on regulatory mechanisms may be connected with primary disturbances on the cellular and subcellular (mitochondrial) level. Publication Types: Review Review, Academic PMID: 9471530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 210: Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 1998;(8):27-32. [Induction of long-term depression (with anxiety and fear components) by immunization of rats against pargyline] [Article in Russian] Ashmarin IP, Danilova RA, Obukhova MF, Belopol'skaia MV. The active immunization of albino rats against pargyline (a MAO B inhibitor) induced the formation of antibody to pargyline and results in deep depressive changes and fear. These changes were observed within 6 weeks after the first immunization. Therefore, it opens the possibility to model depression long by exerting the minimum influences. There was also a long-term modulation of craving for alcohol. PMID: 9771127 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 211: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000 Winter;10(4):277-86. Effects of subchronic methylphenidate hydrochloride administration on the locomotor and exploratory behavior of prepubertal mice. Carrey N, McFadyen MP, Brown RE. Department of Outpatient Psychiatry, IWK-Grace Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. ncarrey@iwkgrace.ns.ca The increasing use of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) in children led us to examine the effects of MPH administration in developing mice. Male CD-1 mice were administered MPH (40 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or saline daily from postnatal days 26-32. The mice were then tested from postnatal days 33-37 for locomotion and exploration in the open field, anxiety in the elevated plus maze, and learning in the Morris water maze. The results indicate that MPH-pretreated mice were more exploratory and less fearful in the open field, entering more center squares than saline controls. MPH-pretreated mice also exhibited less anxiety, spending more time in the open arm and exhibiting more head dips in the elevated plus maze than controls. There was no significant difference between MPH and saline-treated mice in the time taken to find the visible or hidden platform in the water maze task. The results indicate that treatment with MPH has significant effects on later behavior, reducing fear and anxiety, and increasing exploration, but no effect on performance in a spatial learning task. PMID: 11191688 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 212: Biofizika. 2001 Jul-Aug;46(4):753-60. [Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice] [Article in Russian] Lushnikov KV, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Cheremis NK. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia. The modification of indices of the humoral immune response to thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) after a whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation was studied. Male NMRI mice were exposed in the far-field zone of horn antenna at a frequency of 42.0 GHz and energy flux density of 0.15 mW/cm2 under different regimes: once for 20 min, for 20 min daily during 5 and 20 successive days before immunization, and for 20 min daily during 5 successive days after immunization throughout the development of the humoral immune response. The intensity of the humoral immune response was estimated on day 5 after immunization by the number of antibody-forming cells of the spleen and antibody titers. Changes in cellularity of the spleen, thymus and red bone marrow were also assessed. The indices of humoral immunity and cellularity of lymphoid organs changed insignificantly after acute exposure and series of 5 exposures before and after immunization of the animals. However, after repeated exposures for 20 days before immunization, a statistically significant reduction of thymic cellularity by 17.5% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in cellularity of the spleen by 14.5% (p < 0.05) were revealed. The results show that low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation with the frequency and energy flux density used does not influence the humoral immune response intensity in healthy mice but influences immunogenesis under multiple repeated exposures. PMID: 11558390 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 213: Biofizika. 2001 Nov-Dec;46(6):1096-102. [Degranulation of skin mast cells caused by high frequency electromagnetic irradiation of low intensity] [Article in Russian] Popov VI, Rogachevskii VV, Gapeev AB, Khramov RN, Fesenko EE. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia. It was shown by light and electron microscopy that local exposure of the projection of the MC-8 lao-gun acupuncture point in rat pad to low-intensity (0.05 mW/cm2) extremely high-frequency (42.0 GHz) electromagnetic radiation caused a degranulation of derma mast cells. It was suggested that the response of skin mast cells is an important amplifying mechanism in the chain of events leading to a systemic response of the organism to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation. PMID: 11771285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 214: Gig Sanit. 1981 Oct;(10):35-8. [Effect of a superhigh-frequency electromagnetic field on animals of different ages] [Article in Russian] Shutenko OI, Koziarin IP, Shvaiko II. PMID: 7308758 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 215: Gig Sanit. 1990 Aug;(8):62-3. [Hygienic standardization of electromagnetic radiation from two-channel meteorological radar stations] [Article in Russian] Nikitina NG, Tomashevskaia LA. The study was designed to analyze the impact of the combined electromagnetic fields (EMF) with the wavelength of 10 and 0.8 cm and various levels of energy current density on the central nervous system, metabolic processes, immune resistance and reproductive function. Proceeding from the obtained data maximum allowable levels of EMF produced by the prospective two-channel meteorological++ radars were established. PMID: 2283071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 216: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Oct;157(4):388-94. The effect of glucocorticoids on the anxiolytic efficacy of buspirone. Haller J, Leveleki C, Halasz J, Baranyi J, Makara GB. Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 67, 1450 Budapest, Hungary. haller@koki.hu RATIONALE: The serotonergic system and the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenocortical axis reciprocally influence each other. Therefore, the interaction between stress and serotonergic anxiolytics should be of major concern for both laboratory investigations and clinical treatment. OBJECTIVES: We have studied the effects of the serotonergic anxiolytic buspirone in rats in which basal levels of glucocorticoids were low and stable, while acute stress reactions were inhibited or exogenously induced. METHODS: Rats were adrenalectomised. Subcutaneous corticosterone pellets maintained basal glucocorticoid concentrations while acute changes were mimicked by corticosterone injections. Anxiety was assessed by the social interaction test. Temporal changes were evaluated by submitting rats to the same manipulations three times at two-day intervals. RESULTS: Buspirone applied to animals with stable and low plasma glucocorticoid concentrations induced a dramatic increase in social interactions. A slight locomotor suppressive effect was also noticed. The effects of buspirone proved to be stable over time in these animals. Acute treatment with corticosterone doubled the locomotor suppressive effects of buspirone and reversed its anxiolytic effects: the buspirone-corticosterone combination was anxiogenic after the first application. During the second and third treatment, the impact of corticosterone on buspirone efficacy gradually decreased, but the combined treatment remained about half as effective in reducing anxiety as buspirone alone. PMID: 11605098 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 217: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001 Aug 15;92(1-2):78-84. Altered emotional behavior in PACAP-type-I-receptor-deficient mice. Otto C, Martin M, Wolfer DP, Lipp HP, Maldonado R, Schutz G. Division Molecular Biology of the Cell, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. PAC1 (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type I receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the strongly conserved neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide) with a thousandfold higher affinity than the related peptide VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide). PAC1 shows strong expression in brain areas which have been implicated in the emotional control of behavior, such as the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray. To assess whether PAC1-mediated signaling has an impact on emotional behavior, we analysed two different mutant mouse lines with an ubiquitous or a forebrain-specific inactivation of PAC1 in several testing paradigms modelling general locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior. We clearly demonstrate that mice with a ubiquitous but not with a forebrain-specific deletion of PAC1 exhibit elevated locomotor activity and strongly reduced anxiety-like behavior. We could not observe any gross alteration in circadian rhythmicity nor any enhanced sensitivity towards ethanol in the mutant mice. We previously demonstrated that PAC1 plays a crucial role in contextual fear conditioning. Therefore the finding that PAC1-deficient mice exhibit reduced anxiety is quite exciting, since the receptor and hence its ligand PACAP seem to be important for both, innate and learned fear. PMID: 11483244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 218: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1982 Mar-Apr;16(2):84-7. [Role of polarization and resonance in assessing the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation] [Article in Russian] Galkin AA. The dosimetric concept of measurements of electromagnetic radiations (EMR) during irradiation of biological objects can be realized by methods of mathematical modelling of EMR interactions with biological objects, which can be represented as an image of the human body as a uniform ellipsoid of revolution. The efficient surface of EMR absorption for the models shows a marked resonance dependence on the radiation frequency. The ratio of the largest to the smallest axes of the ellipsoid of revolution can be used as a resonance criterion. Besides, radiation polarization needs to be taken into consideration. This paper discusses the frequency dependence of the efficient absorption surface for three major types of radiation polarization. The paper demonstrates an applicability of the calculation method to the evaluation of the EMR absorbed dose rate. PMID: 7070047 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 219: Brain Res. 2002 Jul 5;943(1):142-50. Human urocortin II: mild locomotor suppressive and delayed anxiolytic-like effects of a novel corticotropin-releasing factor related peptide. Valdez GR, Inoue K, Koob GF, Rivier J, Vale W, Zorrilla EP. Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN7, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. gvaldez@scripps.edu Recently, human urocortin II (hUcn II), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide family, was identified. The following experiments sought to compare the effects of this novel CRF-related peptide versus those of ovine CRF (oCRF) on locomotor activation and anxiety-related behavior, using the locomotor activity test and the elevated plus maze, respectively. To examine locomotor activity during the active (dark) and inactive (light) phases, rats were intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg of hUcn II (n=8/group active; n=6-9/group inactive) or oCRF (n=8/group active; n=8/group inactive) 2 h after the onset of their respective testing phase and monitored for 3 (inactive) or 5 (active) h. To compare the effects of CRF-related peptides on exploration of the elevated plus maze, rats were pretreated (i.c.v. 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg) with hUcn II (n=7-11/group) or oCRF (n=7-10/group), 10 min prior to testing. Delayed effects in the elevated plus maze were examined in rats injected with 1.0 microg of hUcn II (n=8/group) or oCRF (n=6-8/group), or vehicle (n=8/group) 1, 4 or 6 h before testing. In contrast to the activational effects of oCRF, hUcn II mildly suppressed locomotor activity during the inactive phase. hUcn II did not acutely affect open arm exploration in the elevated plus maze, whereas oCRF decreased this measure. However, hUcn II increased open arm exploration 4 h after injection. Thus, hUcn II exhibits mild motor suppressive effects and delayed anxiolytic-like effects, suggesting a time-dependent role for hUcn II in the regulation of stress-related behavior. PMID: 12088848 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 220: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Nov-Dec;51(6):733-42. [Behavioral analysis of consequences of chronic blockade of NMDA-type glutamate receptors in the early postnatal period in rats] [Article in Russian] Latysheva NV, Raevskii KS. Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. In view of the hypothesis that glutamatergic dysfunction of brain can underlie the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (including cognitive deficit), the aim of this study was to develop a model of cognitive impairment in Wistar male rats after administration of a noncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist in early postnatal period. Rat pups were daily subcutaneously injected with 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 on postnatal days 7-49. On the 27th and 28th days 24 h after the last previous injection, the MK-801-treated rats demonstrated lower spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activity in comparison with saline control, however, they retained the reaction of hyperlocomotion which developed immediately after the MK-801 administration. In these rats, the anxiety level in the elevated plus-maze (on the 40th postnatal day) was found to be decreased, and the spatial learning in food rewarded task was negatively affected (on the 50th-54th days). It is suggested that impairment of the input of sensory information and its correct assessment by the animals can be associated with the early neonatal blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors. PMID: 11871038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 221: J Neuroendocrinol. 2002 Jul;14(7):549-54. Hormonal and behavioural responses of paradoxical sleep-deprived rats to the elevated plus maze. Suchecki D, Tiba PA, Tufik S. Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil. suchecki@psicobio.epm.br Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is observed immediately after 96 h of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation. However, when individually or group PS-deprived rats are challenged with a mild stressor, they exhibit a facilitation of the corticosterone response, and a faster return to basal levels than control rats. Because the housing condition influences coping behaviour, we tested whether the type of PS deprivation (individually or in group) influenced anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus-maze and the accompanying adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone responses. Individually (I-DEP) or group deprived (G-DEP) rats and their appropriate control groups were either killed immediately after 96 h of sleep deprivation (time-point 0 or 'basal') or exposed to a 5-min test on the elevated plus maze and sampled 5, 20 or 60 min after test onset. Control of I-DEP rats showed reduced locomotor activity and augmented anxiety-like behaviour, replicating the effects of social isolation. Although I-DEP rats exhibited higher motor activity than cage control rats, these groups did not differ in regard to the percentage of entry and time spent in the open arms. G-DEP rats, in turn, ambulated more, entered and remained longer in the open arms, exhibiting less anxiety-like behaviour. PS-deprived rats exhibited higher ACTH and corticosterone 'basal' secretion than control rats. For all groups, peak ACTH secretion was reached at the 5-min time-point, returning to unstressed basal levels 60 min after the test, except for G-DEP rats, which showed a return at 20 min. Peak levels of corticosterone occurred at 5 min for PS-deprived groups and at 20 min for control groups. G-DEP rats showed a return to 'basal' unstressed levels at 20 min, whereas the I-DEP and control groups did so at 60 min. A negative correlation between exploration in the open arms and hormone concentrations was observed. These data indicate that housing condition influences the subsequent behaviour of PS-deprived rats in the EPM which, in turn, seems to determine the secretion profile of ACTH and corticosterone in response to the test. PMID: 12121491 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 222: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2000 Jul-Aug;(4):3-7. [Recovery processes in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and thymus of rats with experimental atherosclerosis exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the head] [Article in Russian] Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Bobkova AS, Chabanenko SS, Luk'ianova TV. Studies of animals with experimental sclerosis has shown that a course of 10 procedures of alternative magnetic field (AMF) (50 Hz, 30 mT, 3 min daily) promotes partial recovery of the lipid spectrum and corrects vasomotor-metabolic disturbances in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and thymus caused by atherosclerosis. Combination of AMF with constant magnetic field in the same regime and location does not produce a hypolipidemic effect in atherosclerotic animals and this, in combination with increased vascular permeability may aggravate the condition. Activated microcirculation, antioxidant and antiproteinase effects in activation of biosynthetic processes in the cerebral cortex reflect inhibition in the CNS in this combined effect and create conditions for a hypotensive effect. PMID: 11008562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 223: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):659-70. [Role of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiation] [Article in Russian] Grigor'ev IuG. Data, describing a role of modulation of electromagnetic fields in development of biological effect, are considered. Outcomes of researches, indicating the dependence of a response of nervous and immune systems on a kind of modulation at low levels of effect, are represented. The necessity of the account of a role of modulation in an evaluation of electromagnetic danger is formulated. PMID: 9019276 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 224: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Sep-Oct;51(5):563-71. [Dynamics of spectral characteristics of theta- and alpha-range EEG during negative emotional reactions] [Article in Russian] Il'iuchenok IR, Savost'ianov AN, Valeev RG. Institute of Higher Nerous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Power characteristics of the EEG theta and alpha rhythms were studied in a human in neutral state and during a conditioned negative emotional reaction (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, and T6 derivations). A significant increase in the relative spectral power in the narrow theta band of 7.4-8.1 Hz in the frontocentral and temporal brain regions was observed during the development of the negative emotional reaction. The alpha-rhythm dynamics during the negative reaction was substantially individual and could be expressed in either an increase, or decrease in relative spectral power of different alpha-frequencies. No pronounced changes in their dynamics could also be observed. In some subjects the spectral power of the medium-frequency alpha-rhythm significantly decreased, that of the high-frequency rhythm increased, and changes in the spectral power of the low-frequency alpha range varied. PMID: 11764515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 225: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Apr 1;131(1-2):67-78. Amygdala or ventral hippocampal lesions at two early stages of life differentially affect open field behaviour later in life; an animal model of neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders. Daenen EW, Wolterink G, Gerrits MA, Van Ree JM. Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Anatomy Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508, AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or autism are thought to result from disruption of the normal pattern of brain development. Abnormalities in the amygdaloid complex and hippocampus have been reported in these disorders. In the present study rats were lesioned in the amygdala or ventral hippocampus on day 7 of life (immature brain) or day 21 of life (almost mature brain) and open field behaviour was determined later in life before and after puberty. Lesioning on day 7 resulted in behavioural changes, interpreted as locomotor stereotypy and decreased anxiety in case of amygdala or hippocampus, respectively. These effects were more profoundly present after puberty. Lesioning on day 21 did not result in these behavioural changes, which subscribes to the importance of the stage of brain maturation on functional development. The results suggest that the behavioural changes in rats lesioned on day 7 may due to a malfunctioning of structures connected to the amygdala or ventral hippocampus. Brain lesions made on day 7 of life may serve as a potential model of psychopathological neurodevelopmental disorders. PMID: 11844573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 226: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Apr;22(3):212-5. GSM phone signal does not produce subjective symptoms. Koivisto M, Haarala C, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Finland. mika.koivisto@utu.fi The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital GSM mobile phones (902 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulation) on subjective symptoms or sensations in healthy subjects were studied in two single-blind experiments. The duration of the RF exposure was about 60 min in Experiment 1 and 30 min in Experiment 2. Each subject rated symptoms or sensations in the beginning of the experimental session and at the end of both the exposure and the nonexposure conditions. The symptoms rated were headache, dizziness, fatigue, itching or tingling of the skin, redness on the skin, and sensations of warmth on the skin. The results did not reveal any differences between exposure and non-exposure conditions, suggesting that a 30-60 min exposure to this RF field does not produce subjective symptoms in humans. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 11255218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 227: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(12):9-13. [Role of nonspecific cellular resistance factors in hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic nonionizing radiation] [Article in Russian] Obukhan EI. The most sensitive indices of the blood system at EMF exposure (disorders of megakaryocytes differentiation, unspecific reactions, repopulation of the blasts cells a. al.) have been determined by the cytologic investigations. At has been revealed that allowable UVF levels effect are situated below the threshold of activisation of adaptive reactions (less than 0.01 mV/cm2), for occupational conditions--at the level of compensatory processes (0.05-0.1 mV/cm2). The intensities higher than 0.5 mV/cm2 were estimated as critical. Involution of megakaryocytes, polimorphism and disturbances the structure of leucocytes a. al. were revealed as EMF markers which allow to carry out an express-diagnostic. PMID: 11965742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 228: J Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;15(2):76-82. Interactions between LY354740, a group II metabotropic agonist and the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the rat elevated plus-maze. Ferris P, Seward E, Dawson GR. Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist, and naloxone, a non-selective mu-receptor antagonist, were used to investigate whether the anxiolytic action of LY354740 [1S,2S,5R,6S-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate monohydrate], a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, was mediated through the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and opioid pathways. LY354740 (1.0-10.0 mg/kg i.p.) induced dose-dependent anxiolytic-like effects in the rat elevated plus-maze. The anxiolytic-like effects of LY354740 (10.0 mg/kg) and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5.0 mg/kg i.p.) were blocked by flumazenil (15.0 mg/kg i.p.). By contrast, naloxone (10.0 mg/kg i.p.) failed to affect the anxiolytic-like effects of either LY354740 or CDP. The behaviour of animals treated with flumazenil or naloxone alone did not significantly differ from that of animals treated with vehicle alone. This study suggests that the anxiolytic-like effects of LY354740 on the elevated plus-maze may be directly or indirectly mediated by the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor complex. PMID: 11448091 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 229: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jan;153(3):365-72. 8-OH-DPAT, but not deramciclane, antagonizes the anxiogenic-like action of paroxetine in an elevated plus-maze. Koks S, Beljajev S, Koovit I, Abramov U, Bourin M, Vasar E. Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Estonia. Sulev.Koks@ut.ee OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine) has an anxiogenic-like effect and what possible pharmacological mechanism underlies that action. METHODS: We used the rat elevated plus-maze paradigm followed by measurement of locomotor activity. Some of the rats were subjected to handling and adaptation to the experimental situation, while the rest were naive to the test situation. Paroxetine was administered as a single treatment and in combination with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT) or 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist (deramciclane). RESULTS: The administration of paroxetine induced an anxiogenic-like action in rats adapted to handling, but not in handling naive animals. Treatment with paroxetine (0.1-2 mg/kg) reduced the number of open arm visits and time spent in open arms, and the ratio between open and total arm entries in the elevated plus-maze. Paroxetine also decreased the number of line crossings and head-dips. Paroxetine caused the strongest anti-exploratory action at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Paroxetine did not suppress the locomotor activity of rats, showing that the described anti-exploratory effect was behaviourally specific to the plus-maze. Pretreatment with 8-OH-DPAT (0.05 mg/kg) completely reversed the anxiogenic-like action of paroxetine, whereas treatment with deramciclane (2 mg/kg) affected only the number of closed arm visits. Deramciclane (0.5-2 mg/kg) and 8-OH-DPAT (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) changed neither exploratory behaviour nor locomotor activity if given as single treatments to the habituated rats. CONCLUSION: The 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine, at a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) induces an anxiogenic-like action in handling adapted rats. The effectiveness of 8-OH-DPAT against paroxetine probably supports a role of both pre- and postsynaptic 5HT-ergic mechanisms in the anxiogenic-like action of paroxetine. PMID: 11271409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 230: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 May-Jun;42(3):322-30. [Enzymatic activity of some tissues and blood serum from animals and humans exposed to microwaves and hypothesis on the possible role of free radical processes in the nonlinear effects and modification of emotional behavior of animals] [Article in Russian] Akoev IG, Pashovkina MS, Dolgacheva LP, Semenova TP, Kalmykov VL. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, 142290 Russia. admin@icb.psn.ru The dependence of activities of actomyosin ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartataminotranspherase, monoaminoxidase and that of affective rat behavior on frequency of modulation of microwaves (0.8-10 microW/cm2) was explored at short-time actions. Series of nonlinear phenomenons, inexplicable from positions of the energy approaches are revealed, The working hypothesis explaining opportunity of high performance of weak and super-weak microwaves and other revealed phenomena by resonance interaction of such electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation with paramagnetic molecules of biological tissues was proposed. This resonance interaction activate free radicals and initiate auto-supporting and auto-intensifying of chain chemical reactions. The spontaneous autocatalytic oxidation of catecholamines enlarges a common pool of free radicals, capable to participate in such enhanced generating. The protective role of monoaminoxidase is postulated. Monoaminoxidase is basically located on an outer surface of mitochondrias and it is deaminating monoamines. The deaminating prevents penetration of catecholamines inside of mitochondrias and their quinoid oxidation there with formation of free-radical semi-quinons, capable to destroy system of ATP synthesis. These inferences are obliquely confirmed by the experimentally revealed correlation between activity of monoaminoxidase and integrative activity of the rat brain. PMID: 12125273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 231: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 May-Jun;31(3):299-304. Neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain in rats with different typological characteristics in conditions of emotional stimulation. Zaichenko MI, Mikhailova NG, Raigorodskii YuV. Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Male Wistar rats were separated according to the "emotional resonance" method (groups of animals avoiding ("altruists") and not avoiding ("egotists") the pain cries of partner rats) and neuron activity in the prefrontal areas of the cortex was studied in the right and left hemispheres. Assessments were made of changes in the frequency of nerve cell spike activity (in relation to the baseline activity of neurons in sated animals) in rats subjected to one day of food deprivation and after electrical stimulation of emotionally positive (lateral hypothalamus) and negative (tegmentum of the midbrain) brain structures and after exposure to the pain cries of partner rats. The results of these experiments revealed a series of differences in the cell activities of the two groups of rats. In conditions of hunger, the discharge frequency in the "altruists" was higher than that in "egotists." Cortical neuron responses to positive stimulation were greater than those to negative stimulation in rats of both groups. Intracerebral stimulation produced significantly greater increases in discharge frequency in neurons of both prefrontal areas of the cortex in "altruists" than in "egotists." In both groups of rats, neurons in the right hemisphere responded to emotionally negative stimulation with significantly greater activation than cells in the left hemisphere, while activity in the left hemisphere was greater in conditions of emotionally positive stimulation. "Altruists" showed significantly greater neuron responses during exposure to pain cries from "victim" rats in both the right and left hemispheres. The responses of "egotists" to "victim" cries were not significantly different from baseline activity levels. PMID: 11430574 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 232: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Aug 3;425(1):43-50. Effect of chronic administration of flesinoxan and fluvoxamine on freezing behavior induced by conditioned fear. Li XB, Inoue T, Hashimoto S, Koyama T. Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. xiao@med.hokudai.ac.jp The present study investigated the acute effects of flesinoxan (a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist), fluvoxamine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and their co-administration on the expression of conditioned freezing, and index of anxiety in rats. This study also examined the acute effects of fluvoxamine and flesinoxan following chronic flesinoxan or chronic fluvoxamine on the expression of conditioned freezing. Acute administration of flesinoxan (s.c.; 0.1-3 mg/kg) reduced freezing dose dependently, and fluvoxamine (i.p.) at a high dose (60 mg/kg) reduced freezing significantly. Acute co-administration of fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) and flesinoxan (0.3 mg/kg) showed an additive inhibitory effect on freezing. Chronic flesinoxan treatment (0.3 mg/kg, for 13 days) did not affect the inhibitory effect of acute flesinoxan treatment, but enhanced that of acute fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) on conditioned freezing. Chronic fluvoxamine treatment (30 mg/kg, for 13 days) enhanced the inhibitory effect of acute fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) and the inhibitory effect of acute flesinoxan (0.3 mg/kg) on conditioned freezing. These results suggest that co-administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist is useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. PMID: 11672573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 233: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2000 Aug;86(8):979-86. [Changes in the animal behavior caused by sequential changes of dominants related to reproduction] [Article in Russian] Vinogradova EP. St. Petersburg State University, Russia. Female rats during the sex dominanta (proestrus) revealed lower anxiety scores and a higher general level of activity than the rats in diestrus. Responses to stress were also more obvious in proestrus. During gestation the rats revealed a lower activity and a higher anxiety. In lactation, the rats' behaviour was similar to that in proestrus. PMID: 11059015 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 234: Adv Space Res. 1989;9(10):333-6. Behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities after exposure to low doses of high-energy iron particles. Hunt WA, Joseph JA, Rabin BM. Behavioral Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20812-5145, USA. Exposure of rats to high-energy iron particles (600 MeV/amu) has been found to alter behavior after doses as low as 10 rads. The performance of a task that measures upper body strength was significantly degraded after irradiation. In addition, an impairment in the regulation of dopamine release in the caudate nucleus (a motor center in the brain), lasting at least 6 months, was also found and correlated with the performance deficits. A general indication of behavioral toxicity and an index of nausea and emesis, the conditioned taste aversion, was also evident. The sensitivity to iron particles was 10-600 times greater than to gamma photons. These results suggest that behavioral and neurobiological damage may be a consequence of exposure to low doses of heavy particles and that this possibility should be extensively studied. PMID: 11537313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 235: Brain Res. 2001 Jun 15;904(1):43-53. Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices. Tattersall JE, Scott IR, Wood SJ, Nettell JJ, Bevir MK, Wang Z, Somasiri NP, Chen X. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, SP4 0JQ, Salisbury, UK. jtattersall@dera.gov.uk Slices of rat hippocampus were exposed to 700 MHz continuous wave radiofrequency (RF) fields (25.2-71.0 V m(-1), 5-15 min exposure) in a stripline waveguide. At low field intensities, the predominant effect on the electrically evoked field potential in CA1 was a potentiation of the amplitude of the population spike by up to 20%, but higher intensity fields could produce either increases or decreases of up to 120 and 80%, respectively, in the amplitude of the population spike. To eliminate the possibility of RF-induced artefacts due to the metal stimulating electrode, the effect of RF exposure on spontaneous epileptiform activity induced in CA3 by 4-aminopyridine (50-100 microM) was investigated. Exposure to RF fields (50.0 V m(-1)) reduced or abolished epileptiform bursting in 36% of slices tested. The maximum field intensity used in these experiments, 71.0 V m(-1), was calculated to produce a specific absorption rate (SAR) of between 0.0016 and 0.0044 W kg(-1) in the slices. Measurements with a Luxtron fibreoptic probe confirmed that there was no detectable temperature change (+/- 0.1 degrees C) during a 15 min exposure to this field intensity. Furthermore, imposed temperature changes of up to 1 degrees C failed to mimic the effects of RF exposure. These results suggest that low-intensity RF fields can modulate the excitability of hippocampal tissue in vitro in the absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioural effects of RF fields. PMID: 11516410 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 236: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1994 Dec;118(12):606-8. [Correction of disruptions in learning and memory, caused by the effect of superhigh frequency electromagnetic emissions, by nootropic drugs] [Article in Russian] Iasnetsov VV, Popov VM, Pal'tsev IuP, Levina AV, Motin VG. PMID: 7703455 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 237: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(6):38-40. [Combined effect of noise and electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency (experimental study)] [Article in Russian] Khudnitskii SS, Murzenok PP, Vikent'eva NK, Tsykhun GF, Netukova NI. PMID: 10420718 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 238: Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1980 Feb;(2):46-7. [Calcium and magnesium content in the tissues of rats exposed to an industrial-frequency electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Dyshlovoi VD, Radlovskaia ZT, Arkhipchuk VD, Kachura VS. PMID: 7378163 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 239: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1997;31(2):38-43. [Combined effects of various forms of motor deprivation and gamma irradiation on the higher nervous activity in rats] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS. Effects of gamma-radiation at a dose of 3 Gy against either antiorthostatic hypodynamia (AOH) or hypokinesia (HK) on formation of the differentiated motor-drinking reflex (DR) were compared. Each of the forms of motor deprivation hindered the elaboration of DR; gamma-irradiation aggravated these disorders. At the same time, AOH led to significantly more severe disturbances in the higher nervous activity including the generalized excitation, pathologic aggressiveness and neurotization of animals. In contrast, hypokinesia stimulated the active elements of behavior which inhibit the passive-defensive behavior and a fear reaction. Therefore, the modifying effect of irradiation becomes apparent only if combined with AOH. PMID: 9190253 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 240: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Mar-Apr;38(2):223-31. [Forming of memory (imprinting) in chicks after prior low-level exposure to electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Grigor'ev IuG, Stepanov VS. State Research Centre of Russia-Institute of Biophysics, Moscow. EMF of power density from 0.4 to 10 mW/cm2 can influence forming the memory (imprinting). Showed the possibility to fix EMF modulated in embryonic brain during the natal period and conservation of this information after birth. PMID: 9633625 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 241: Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1982 Feb;37(2):187-90. [Animal experiment studies of the question of radiogenic caries] [Article in German] Vogel C, Reichart P, Hassenstein E, Ronneberger H. PMID: 6951707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 242: J Cutan Pathol. 2003 Feb;30(2):135-8. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on epidermal Merkel cells. Irmak MK, Oztas E, Yagmurca M, Fadillioglu E, Bakir B. Department of Histology and Embryology,Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey. mkirmak@gata.edu.tr The number of reports on the effects induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from cellular telephones in various cellular systems is still increasing. Until now, no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of this radiation except a role suggested for mast cells. Merkel cells may also play a role in the mechanisms of biological effects of EMR. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of EMR from a cellular telephone (900 MHz) on Merkel cells in rats. A group of rats was exposed to a cellular telephone in speech position for 30 min. Another group of rats was sham-exposed under the same environmental conditions for 30 min. Exposure led to significantly higher exocytotic activity in Merkel cells compared with the sham exposure group. This finding may indicate the possible role of Merkel cells in the pathophysiology of the effects of EMR. PMID: 12641793 [PubMed - in process] 243: Bioelectromagnetics. 1998;19(2):136-8. Comment on: Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(2):111-5. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields do not interact directly with DNA. Adair RK. Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA. Blank and Goodman [(1997): Bioelectromagnetics 18:111-115] suggest that weak extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields affect intracellular DNA directly. We show that such a conclusion is not in accord with physical principles. Publication Types: Comment PMID: 9492173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 244: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1994 Jan-Mar;(1):17-9. [Permeability of erythrocyte membranes from peripheral blood after exposure to low-frequency alternating electromagnetic field] [Article in Russian] Levshin IV. The levels of dienic conjugates (DC), malonic dialdehyde (MD), extra-erythrocytic hemoglobin, the rate of chemiluminescence (C), total peroxidase activity (TPA) were determined on a single exposure of animals to low-frequency pulsating electromagnetic field (LFPEF) and chronic exposure of 16 healthy males aged 19-25 years. After acute exposure to LEPEF, the animals showed 64-106% increases in the levels of DC and MD and the rate of C. The persons had higher TPA and C. PMID: 8183583 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 245: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1981 Mar;28(3):258-64. Measurements of the RF power absorption in spheroidal human and animal phantoms exposed to the near field of a dipole source. Iskander MG, Massoudi H, Durney CH, Allen SJ. PMID: 7228071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 246: Gig Sanit. 1989 Jun;(6):84-6. [Evaluation of the work capacity of laboratory animals in a toxicologic experiment] [Article in Russian] Fedotov VP, Moskalev OS, I'lin BN. PMID: 2792810 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 247: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1998;32(5):40-5. [Evaluation of individual radiation resistance of rats based on reactions to non-radiation testing] [Article in Russian] Shtemberg AS, Farber IuV, Shafirkin AV. Presented are the data on radiation sensitivity of various groups of animals preliminary differentiated by their tolerance of acute hypoxia. The processes of blood forming system impairment and reparation are detailed. As was shown, highly resistant to hypoxia rats are distinguished by the best radiation resistance. Survivability of these rats was significantly higher as compared with other groups of animals. Recovery of blood formation by both the red and white chits following exposure to [symbol: see text] of the mean lethal dose proceeded more rapidly in the radiation resistant rats. PMID: 9883333 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 248: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):691-9. [Effects of electromagnetic radiation of various modes on heart activity (in experiments)] [Article in Russian] Afrikanova LA, Grigor'ev IuG. On spinal cord frogs and isolated interauricle to a partition of heart in vivo and in vitro influence the MICROWAVES of a radiation in continuous and modulated modes on function of heart (9.3 Hz is investigated; 0.348-0.16 and 0.016 mV/sm2, modulation from 1 up to 100 Hz). A possibility of influence of an electromagnetic exposure on heart frequency and rhythm is revealed. Pointing of heart in vitro by a neutral red resulted in large number of % of experience in a stop of irradiated heart. PMID: 9019279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 249: Child Dev. 1968 Dec;39(4):1247-52. Newborn activity and emotional response at eight months. McGrade BJ. PMID: 5704397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 250: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 Apr;90(2):659-74. Experimental simulation of a haunt experience and elicitation of paroxysmal electroencephalographic activity by transcerebral complex magnetic fields: induction of a synthetic "ghost"? Persinger MA, Tiller SG, Koren SA. Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. To test the hypothesis that experiences of apparitional phenomena with accompanying fear can be simulated within the laboratory, a 45-yr.-old journalist and professional musician who had experienced a classic haunt four years previously was exposed to 1 microTesla, complex, transcerebral magnetic fields. Within 10 min. after exposure to a frequency-modulated pattern applied over the right hemisphere, the man reported "rushes of fear" that culminated in the experience of an apparition. Concurrent electroencephalographic measurements showed conspicuous 1-sec.-to-2-sec. paroxysmal complex spikes (15 Hz) that accompanied the reports of fear. A second magnetic field pattern, applied bilaterally through the brain, was associated with pleasant experiences. The subject concluded that the synthetic experience of the apparition was very similar to the one experienced in the natural setting. The results of this experiment suggest that controlled simulation of these pervasive phenomena within the laboratory is possible and that this experimental protocol may help discern the physical stimuli that evoke their occurrence in nature. PMID: 10833767 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 251: Vopr Onkol. 1996;42(5):13-21. [Super-low frequency electric and magnetic fields and their role in development of neoplasms] [Article in Russian] Muratov EI. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 9064896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 252: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2000 Jul-Aug;(4):7-11. [Pain relief by low-intensity frequency-modulated millimeter waves acting on the acupuncture points] [Article in Russian] Samosiuk IZ, Kulikovich IuN, Tamarova ZA, Samosiuk NI, Kazhanova AK. Analgetic effect of low-intensive frequency-modulated millimetric waves (MW) was studied in mice with formalin induced nociceptive behavior reaction (licking of defeat hindpaw). MW were applied to the acupoint E 36 of the defeat hindpaw. The following MW were used: 60 GHz (1) and 118 GHz (2) which were modulated by 4 Hz; noise MW within the range of 42-95 GHz (3) and 90-140 GHz (4) which were modulated in accidental order by frequencies 1-60 Hz; combinations of fixed frequencies with noise - 60 GHz + noise 42-95 GHz (5) and 118 GHz + noise 90-140 GHz (6). All used MW combinations suppressed licking of the defeat hindpaw and increased duration of sleep and eating. The strongest analgesia was achieved in series 1-3 (42.4-69.7%), the weakest in series 6 and 4 of the experiment (12.2-19.7%). PMID: 11008563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 253: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1982 Nov-Dec;32(6):1096-103. [Probabilistic characteristics of "open field" behavior in the rat] [Article in Russian] Lazarenko NS, Petrov ES, Zabrodin IIu, Vartanian GA. An analysis was made of the dynamics of probabilistic characteristics of the rat behaviour in the process of extinction of orienting-investigating behaviour in the "open field". Estimation of the entropy value related to behaviour permitted to divide the rats into two groups. The rats with high entropy values differed from those with low values by a more prolonged retention of a high level of locomotion, vertical stands, wall stands, peeping through a hole and grooming. It is suggested that a high entropy level and prolonged retention in the behaviour pattern of most of the elementary acts and poses may testify to a delayed process of extinction of orienting-investigating activity due to a higher level of the rats negative emotional state. PMID: 7164573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 254: Lik Sprava. 1997 May-Jun;(3):83-7. [The interaction of changes in the genitalia in the pathogenesis of sterility in men] [Article in Ukrainian] Malyshkin IN. Alterations in testicular structures on the side of the pathologic process, contralateral testicle, epididymis, deferent duct, prostate, spermogramme, were found out to be related to the level of gonadotrophic and sex hormones in pathogenesis of infertility developing in varicocele, cryptorchidism, epididymitis, prostatitis, obstruction of the deferent duct, and action of low frequency electromagnetic field. The findings obtained will, we believe, help in diagnosing and prescribing the pathogenetically substantiated treatment. PMID: 9377363 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 255: Dokl Akad Nauk. 1994 Jun;336(6):826-8. [Effect of a low-energy pulse of EHF and SHF-radiation of nanosecond duration with a high peak intensity on biological structures (malignant neoplasms)] [Article in Russian] Deviatkov ND, Pletnev SD, Chernov ZS, Faikin VV, Bernashevskii GA, Shchitkov KG. PMID: 7951017 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 256: Probl Kosm Biol. 1982;43:148-66. [Biological system reactions to adequate weak low-frequency electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Kislovskii LD. Publication Types: Review PMID: 7048296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 257: Radiobiologiia. 1980 Jan-Feb;20(1):130-3. [Radiation lesion of the lymph nodes of rats through the intratracheal uptake of cenium-144] [Article in Russian] Zhorno LIa. PMID: 7360905 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 258: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Jan-Feb;39(1):79-83. [Mechanism of radiobiological effects of low intensity nonionizing electromagnetic radiation] [Article in Russian] Kudriashov IuB, Perov IuF, Golenitskaia IA. Moscow State University, Department of Biology. The results of the research of the biological effects of the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation were studied from the position of "thermal" and "unthermal" mechanisms. The special attention was spared to analysing the information characterising the high sensitiveness of the human and animals organism to the very-low intensity electromagnetic fields. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10347601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 259: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Mar-Jun;39(2-3):345-8. [Possible modification of radiation injury using radio frequency electromagnetic radiation] [Article in Russian] Aminova EM, Ismailov ESh. Daghestan State Polytechnic University, Makhach-Kala. The possibility of radioprotective action of electromagnetic fields and radiations in radiofrequency range have been considered. It has been shown that the EMF and EMR effects depend on parameters of acting field. It is necessary to establish biophysical and biochemical ways and mechanisms of EMF and EMR action for effective use of radioemissions as radioprotectors. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10366968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 260: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1997;(5):24-30. [Features of the relationship of electromagnetic fields and biological objects and their shielding] [Article in Russian] Miroshnikova TK. PMID: 9235214 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 261: Biofizika. 1997 May-Jun;42(3):738-41. [Molecular mechanisms of biological action of low magnetic fields. II. Purification and characteristics of protein from rat brain chromatin which inhibit DNAse 1 activity] [Article in Russian] Shvetsov IuP, Smirnova GN, Novikov VV, Tret'iak TM, Fesenko EE. PMID: 9296636 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 262: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Mar-Apr;40(2):149-53. [On the mechanism of cytogenetic effect of electromagnetic radiation: a role of oxidation homeostasis] [Article in Russian] Brezitskaia HV, Timchenko OI. Ukrainian Scientific Centre of Hygiene, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kiev. It was established in the experiments on rats that the changes in free radical oxidation under the influence of non-ionizing radiation had a wavy character. It was revealed that the changes in oxidation homeostasis preceded development of cytogenetic effects and could be their reason. PMID: 10819036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 263: Acta Anat (Basel). 1992;145(4):302-6. Influence of continuous electromagnetic fields on the stage, weight and stature of the chick embryo. Piera V, Rodriguez A, Cobos A, Torrente M, Cobos P. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Reus, Tarragona, Spain. The influence of continuous electromagnetic fields (0, 181 or 361 Gs/cm2) on the development of chick embryo (n = 144) was studied. Several parameters were determined at days 5, 10 and 15 of incubation: stage (following Hamburger and Hamilton), vertex-coccyx length (size) and weight. At 5 days of incubation, all embryos showed a similar stage. However, at days 10 and 15, the embryos exposed to 181 Gs/cm2 showed a stage significantly superior to that of the others. There were no differences between the exposed embryos and the control ones with regard to weight and stature, except at 15 days when the embryos exposed to 361 Gs/cm2 showed greater weight and stature than those of the controls. PMID: 10457769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 264: Gig Sanit. 1999 May-Jun;(3):48-51. [The current problems of electromagnetic safety in computer classes] [Article in Russian] Afanas'ev AI, Volodarskii VIa, Gumener PI, Kaisina OV, Litvak II, Nadezhina LG, Shumkova TV. He paper presents the data on the present-day situation in the computer classes in general educational schools to show electromagnetic safety. It shows that most of 37 classes do not satisfy the requirement of electromagnetic safety and proposes modes of elimination of this danger. PMID: 10394739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 265: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1997 Sep-Oct;(5):3-7. [The general patterns in the development of the ultrastructural reactions under the action of electromagnetic radiations] [Article in Russian] Korolev IuN. Original investigations of the author provided authors with information on subcellular adaptive reactions in response to electromagnetic radiation. Activation of hyperplastic processes represents the leading structural-adaptive response of the body arising accelerated renewal of the ultrastructures. The author characterizes adaptive hyperplasia of the ultrastructures. The author characterizes adaptive hyperplasia emerging in bioenergetic and protein-synthetizing organelles in the cells of different organs. It is emphasized that high intensities provoke destructive processes. PMID: 9446304 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 266: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1995 Dec;81(12):115-20. [The erythrocyte reaction of the moving blood in mammals to the action of permanent and pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Ignat'ev VV, Kidalov VN, Samoilov VO, Subbota AG, Sukhovetskaia NB, Siasin RI. PMID: 8754037 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 267: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):337-40. Effect of amplitude modulated RF radiation on calcium ion efflux and ODC activity in chronically exposed rat brain. Paulraj R, Behari J, Rao AR. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The effect of exposing rats to amplitude modulated radiofrequency radiation (112 MHz modulated to 16 Hz) during development and growth has been examined. Wistar rats (35 days old) when exposed at above frequency at the power level 1.0 mW/cm2 (SAR, 0.75 W/kg) for 35 days showed enhanced ornithine decarboxylase activity and Ca2+ efflux in brain indicating potential health hazards due to exposure. PMID: 10844985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 268: Prog Brain Res. 2000;122:105-15. Neurobiological correlates of defensive behaviors. Bakshi VP, Shelton SE, Kalin NH. Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics 53719, USA. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10737053 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 269: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1984 May-Jun;34(3):537-46. [Individual features of rat behavior: manifestations of anxiety] [Article in Russian] Khonicheva NM, Dmitrieva IL, Krushinskaia NL, Voronina TA. Motor agitation developing in some white rats during painful stimulation of other individual decreases under the action of phenasepam (the most effective drug used in clinic in cases of neurotic alarm). This effect is accompanied by strengthening of tendency to reside in closed space. After phenasepam injection, increased not goal-directed motor activity developing against the background of reduced alimentary reactions also decreases in a part of grey rats selected by their ability to extrapolate, while their alimentary behaviour intensifies. Thus, initial peculiarities of behaviour i.e. enhanced motor activity not directed to fulfillment of the above forms of inborn behaviour (residing in closed space and eating) may be considered as a manifestation of anxiety. In this case, these forms of behaviour have a defensive function. PMID: 6540937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 270: Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1980 Feb;66(2):263-7. [Effect of radiowaves of nonthermal frequencies on the content of somatotropic hormone in the rat adenohypophysis] [Article in Russian] Demokidova NK. PMID: 7364125 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 271: Tsitologiia. 2000;42(1):92-5. [Activity of the genome of cardiomyocytes as an indicator of the development of adaptive changes in the myocardium following exposure of the central nervous system to electromagnetic fields] [Article in Russian] Zubkova SM, Mikhailik LV, Varakina NI, Strukova EV, Bobkova AS. Russian Scientific Centre of Rehabilitating Medicine and Health Resort Cure, Moscow. Methods of cardiomyocyte nuclei isolation from the myocard homogeneous mixture, and of cardiomyocyte genome activity estimation were elaborated. In the experiments with hyperlipoproteidemic rats, cardiomyocyte genome activity was shown to reflect the primary adaptive changes in the myocard, and to serve a reliable index of their influence on the CNS regulatory centres exposed to electromagnetic field, which is used for hyperlipoproteidemia treatment. The cardiomyocyte genome activity was used to distinguish between three types of development of adaptive reactions in the myocard. PMID: 10709259 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 272: Physiol Behav. 1974 Mar;12(3):393-8. Immediate behavioral responses of an echinoderm to ionizing radiations. Dedrick MC, Kimeldorf DJ. PMID: 4856540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 273: Health Phys. 1971 Apr;20(4):421-4. Effects of 800-MHz electromagnetic radiation on body weight, activity, hematopoiesis and life span in mice. Spalding JF, Freyman RW, Holland LM. PMID: 5569217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 274: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):32-5. [The evaluation of the consequences of electromagnetic irradiation of hands in operators of high-frequency welding devices] [Article in Russian] Rudakov ML. Method of secondary sources (method of integral equations) was applied to calculate specific absorbed intensity in hands of operators working at non-shielded high-frequency (27.12 Mhz) welding devices. The authors present calculations for "female" and "male" hand sizes, give recommendations on lower level of specific absorption. PMID: 10881543 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 275: Pol Tyg Lek. 1985 Nov 18-25;40(46-47):1304-7. [Anxiety level and duration of the disease in patients with leukemia] [Article in Polish] Wrona-Polanska H. PMID: 4094938 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 276: Psychol Rep. 1973 Dec;33(3):731-6. Swim-tank measurement of radiation-induced behavioral incapacitation. Casarett AP. PMID: 4767829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 277: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 2000 Jan;129(1):100-2. [[Effects of fractions of the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with drug addiction treated by liquor sorption on the behavior of rats-recipients] [Article in Russian] Pirumov PA, Ordian NE, Vasil'ev VIu, Shaliapina VG. PMID: 10710642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 278: Epidemiology. 2001 Jan;12(1):1-4. Comment on: Epidemiology. 2001 Jan;12(1):7-12. Frequent radiation exposures and frequency-dependent effects: the eyes have it. Inskip PD. Publication Types: Comment Editorial Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 11138802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 279: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1996;(9):20-3. [Hygienic regulation of electromagnetic radiation of 300-3000 MHz frequency range] [Article in Russian] Kol'chugin IuI. The article contains analysis of national standards determining maximal allowable levels of electromagnetic exposure in some developed countries. The point of specific interest is the levels in frequency range of 300 MHz-30 GHz, as this range is widely used in most apparatus for mobile communication. Different in various countries, values of the maximal allowable levels appear to be the most strict in Russia. Incomplete knowledge of long-standing exposure to mild electromagnetic fields requires through medical and technical research to determine limits of safe application of mobile communication devices. PMID: 9019326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 280: Bioelectromagnetics. 1984;5(1):31-8. Offset of the vacuolar potential of Characean cells in response to electromagnetic radiation over the range 250 Hz-250 kHz. Montaigne K, Pickard WF. Measurements were made of the small, transient offsets of vacuolar potential produced in single cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara braunii by isolated bursts of audio frequency electromagnetic radiation. The offsets increased in magnitude with decreasing frequency of the electromagnetic radiation and, below about 6 kHz, seemed to approach a low-frequency asymptote. This frequency dependence for the offset is shown to be in accordance with a previously developed model in which the incident radiation is weakly rectified by the cell's membrane system. PMID: 6712748 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 281: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1981;15(3):26-8. [Emotional reactions and cardiac rhythm slow waves] [Article in Russian] Karpov AN, Zinov'eva LA. Simulation studies of various emotional reactions of operators have shown that sthenic emotional reactions induce inhibition of slow waves of cardiac rhythm (f=0.05 divided by 0.17 Hz,) whereas asthenic emotional reactions lead to excitation of slow waves in the above frequency range. PMID: 7289540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 282: Dokl Akad Nauk. 1995 Oct;344(6):840-2. [Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) as a behavioural modifier in rats, subjected to low-background ionizing radiation] [Article in Russian] Semenova TP, Novoselova EG, Medvinskaia NI, Kuzin AM. PMID: 8535282 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 283: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):5-8. [Changes of neurocytes in CNS under general exposure to UHF field with local protection applied] [Article in Russian] Leshin VV. Experiments on white rats were performed to study influence of UHF field on cortical sensomotor area under general exposure or with the head shielded. The changes in CNS caused by UHF field were not prevented completely by means of the shield. That is probably due to pathologic reflex impulses from the body receptors. PMID: 10881537 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 284: Med Hypotheses. 2000 May;54(5):685-8. Biological effects of low-level environmental agents. Kmecl P, Jerman I. BION, Institute for Bioelectromagnetics and New Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. primoz.kmecl@guest.arnes.si We compare three similar but different biological effects: provocation-neutralisation treatment of non-antibody-mediated hypersensitivities, hormesis and low-level effects in radiation biology. All three have not yet been fully explained but share some common and interesting properties: non-linear concentration dependence, typical stress pattern and typical immune response. We try to make a generalisation of the three phenomena in terms of the informational properties of the low concentrations, and imply the possible common mechanism. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. PMID: 10859665 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 285: Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 1997 Nov-Dec;(6):728-34. [The destruction of microscopic organisms by their irradiation with a special form of UHF electromagnetic signals] [Article in Russian] Antonov OE, Kozyreva EV, Svishcheva TIa, Goncharova NV. Aviakonversiya Ltd., Moscow, Russia. Electromagnetic signals of special form produced by an ultra-high frequency generator were used to destroy various microorganisms: baker's yeast; blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum; mold fungus; and two flagellates, plant flagellate Euglena gracilis and an animal flagellate parasitizing on humans. The control samples before irradiation and experimental samples damaged and destroyed by irradiation were examined on a microscope with a computer system of image analysis. The results are presented as computer graph images. PMID: 9518060 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 286: Vopr Onkol. 1999;45(3):287-91. [Assessment of antineoplastic action of dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes in S-45 tumor-bearing rats exposed to weak ultra-low-frequency irradiation] [Article in Russian] Shiikhliarova AI, Sheiko EA, Pil' EA. Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the RF, Rostov-on-Don. The aim of the investigation was to study the antitumor action of weak ultra low-frequency magnetic field (ULFMF) and application of a spectrum of dehydrogenases of peripheral blood lymphocytes as a sensitive indicator of such action in tumor S45-bearing rats. It was shown that application of weak ULFMF improves antitumor defenses and dehydrogenase activity tends to stay normal. The dehydrogenase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used to assess immune system tension and synchronization of resistance processes. PMID: 10443233 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 287: Wiad Lek. 1999;52(3-4):174-7. [Anxiety as a anesthesiological problem] [Article in Polish] Chmielnicki Z. Oddzialu Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Opieki Pooperacyjnej, Wojewodzkiego Szpitala, Specjalistycznego w Tychach. Fear is a feeling which always accompanies people. It is a compound phenomenon, which has different components as psychologic, motor, somatic-vegetative and metabolic. The operation and anesthesia increase the feeling of anxiety. The dimension of the fear has the inconvenient influence on the time of recovery, quantity of complications and the discomfort felt by patients. The dimension of the fear can be measured in many ways. The questionnaires are one of the methods of taking an objective measurement. The STAI is one of the most often used between them. It enables the estimation of the efficacy of the preoperative preparing methods and the dynamics of the fear during the hospitalization. Monitoring of the anxiety can be very useful in the decreasing the fear. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10499029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 288: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(6):31-4. [Occupational assessment of computer placement in school areas] [Article in Russian] Gel'tishcheva EA, Zhichkina GN, Serik NV, Khusainov TZh. The study included measurements of electromagnetic radiation emitted by MACINTOSH PC placed in public schools, functional state examination of schoolchildren sitting in rows in front of PCs. Electromagnetic radiation emitted by PCs appeared to harm higher nervous activity of the schoolchildren. With consideration of the studies conducted the recommendation is not to set workplaces in rows. The workplaces could be set perimetrically, with at least 1.0 m between the lateral borders of neighboring monitors. Angle-wise set workplaces should stay at least 2.0 m apart. PMID: 10420715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 289: Radiat Res. 1974 Feb;57(2):288-99. Damage of rat thyroid by 131I and evidence against immunologic transferability. White SC, Casarett GW. PMID: 10874943 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 290: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1981 Oct;27(10):753-5. [The collagen structure in subacute radiation sickness in the albino rat] [Article in German] Drozdz M, Antoniewicz M, Kucharz E. PMID: 7314704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 291: Rev Esp Cardiol. 2000 Jun;53(6):881-2. [Pacemakers, defibrillators, and electromagnetic environment: potential interactions with electronic mechanisms of surveillance should not be cause of anxiety for patients] [Article in Spanish] de Camargo Maranhao MF. Publication Types: Letter PMID: 10944984 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 292: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(6):707. [The international conference on human protection from electromagnetic fields hazard] [Article in Russian] Grigor'ev IuG. Publication Types: Congresses PMID: 10689440 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 293: Behav Genet. 1997 Nov;27(6):499-501. Comment on: Behav Genet. 1997 Nov;27(6):503-12. Modeling emotional reactivity and sensation/novelty seeking with the Roman/Verh rat lines/strains: an introduction. Fernandez-Teruel A, Escorihuela RM. Department of Psychiatry, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. ikpi@cc.uab.es Publication Types: Comment PMID: 9476358 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 294: Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(7):527-8; discussion 529. Comment on: Bioelectromagnetics. 1996;17(4):312-21. Comments on "Resonance effect of millimeter waves in the power range from 10(-19) to 3 X 10(-3) W/cm2 on Escherichia coli cells at different concentrations," Belyaev et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 17:312-321 (1996) Osepchuk JM, Petersen RC. Full Spectrum Consulting, Concord, Massachusetts 01742, USA. Publication Types: Comment PMID: 9338635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 295: Gig Sanit. 1997 Sep-Oct;(5):61-3. [Calculation of the average density of radiofrequency radiation power in biological objects] [Article in Russian] Rudakov ML. PMID: 9378358 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 296: Anim Behav. 1967 Oct;15(4):563-7. The relationship between sensory stimulation and gross motor behaviour during the postnatal development in the rat. Gard C, Hard E, Larsson K, Petersson VA. PMID: 6055112 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 297: J Microw Power Electromagn Energy. 2000;35(3):179-84. Complex high-frequency technology for protection of grain against pests. Mishenko AA, Malinin OA, Rashkovan VM, Basteev AV, Bazyma LA, Mazalov YuP, Kutovoy VA. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results of experimental investigation of physical methods are presented for suppressing of biological activity of grain and grain product pests: harmful insects at each developmental stage except eggs (Insecta), mites (Arachnida, Acariformes) and microscopic fungi and bacteria. The technologies under development for disinfestation and disinfection of grain are based on irradiation of grain by modulated pulses of high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields and on simultaneous action of a complex of factors: vacuum and HF-field induced plasma. The threshold value of the electric field intensity for total insect mortality was found to be E = 4.0-5.0 kV/cm in the pulse mode at the base frequency of 47.5 MHz. When the combined technology is used, conditions are created in the irradiation chamber for HF-discharge and plasma formation, which are very strong factors influencing the biological organisms. These raise the energy (and cost) efficiency (approximately $2-3 per tonne of grain) of the combined technology for destruction of grain pests with complete environmental safety. PMID: 11098443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 298: Q J Exp Psychol. 1970 May;22(2):205-14. Effects of fear on exploratory behaviour in rats. Kumar R. PMID: 5431397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 299: Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch. 1966;32:46-57. [Neural mechanisms in emotional behavior] [Article in German] Zanchetti A. PMID: 6015213 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 300: Nunt Radiol. 1967;33:Suppl:545-54. [Preliminary data on radiosensitivity as a function of dose in rats selected on the basis of behavioral activity] [Article in Italian] Di Paola M. PMID: 5617459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 301: Med Hypotheses. 2000 Aug;55(2):160-3. Human body frequency modulation by 0.9% sodium chloride solutions: a new paradigm and perspective for human health. Sudan BJ. This case study demonstrates that the normal human body frequency, which can be disturbed by electromagnetic influences of the environment, can be modulated by 0.9% sodium chloride solutions (physiological saline) and that occurrence of allergic reactions have subsequently been suppressed as a result of this modulation. The use of distilled water as control showed no effect on occurrence of allergic reactions. Further observations on the growth of various plants in a greenhouse exposed to various geomagnetic fields support the previous observations on humans. The neutralization of electromagnetic influences on humans using 0.9% sodium chloride solution or by enclosure of plants within a copper wire Faraday cage resulting in a normal and uniform growth of plants as compared with disturbed and irregular growth in unenclosed controls, is demonstrated. These original observations propose a new strategy to suppress or prevent allergic reactions and possibly other effects observed in various human pathologies in relation to a disturbance of human body frequencies. It is hypothesized that the double helix structure of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) could be modified by environmental electromagnetic fields and that disresonance between the two chains of DNA could lead to the expression of specific pathology. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. PMID: 10904434 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 302: Lik Sprava. 1999 Jun;(4):51-6. [Low-intensity electromagnetic radiation in medicine: a factor in resonance therapy or a nonspecific adaptogen?] [Article in Russian] Karpan' VN. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10476642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 303: Am Psychol. 2000 Mar;55(3):313-7. Conditioned emotional reactions. 1920. Watson JB, Rayner R. Publication Types: Classical Article PMID: 10743250 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 304: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2000 Jan-Feb;(1):14-6. [Electromagnetic and mechanical vibrations in the therapy of myofascial pains] [Article in Russian] Miriutova NF, Levitskii EF, Abdulkina NG. Low-frequency vibration effectively stimulates in a direct way or via reflexes neuromuscular apparatus in patients with muscular-tonic manifestations of spinal osteochondrosis. Long-term myofixation forms foci of denervation disorders as painful muscular consolidations with active center the irritation of which gives rise to phenomenon of reflected pain. In this case it is better to begin treatment with optic red and infrared radiation on the reflexogenic zones and muscular consolidations for reduction of trophic abnormalities. This creates favourable conditions for subsequent vibrostimulation of affected nerves and muscles. PMID: 11094873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 305: Dokl Biophys. 2000 Jan-Jun;370-372:21-4. Effect of high-power microwave radiation with nanosecond pulse duration on some biological objects. Bol'shakov MA, Bugaev SP, Goncharik AO, Gunin AV, Evdokimov EV, Klimov AI, Korovin SD, Pegel IV, Rostov VV. Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia. PMID: 11029032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 306: Biofizika. 2000 Jan-Feb;45(1):144-7. [Electromagnetic information in the phenomenon of life] [Article in Russian] Kuzin AM. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia. The author's original experiments and ideas have been summarized, which concern the role of natural background radiation in maintenance of electromagnetic information essential for existence of the living organism as an integral whole. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 10732224 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 307: Behaviour. 1965;25(1):45-97. An experimental study of conflict and fear: an analysis of behavior of young chicks toward a mealworm. I. The behavior of chicks which do not eat the mealworm. Hogan JA. PMID: 5824947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 308: J Genet Psychol. 1969 Sep;115(1st Half):71-3. A criticism of the study of McDowell and Merchent on fearfulness in control and irradiated rats. Smith H, Dimond SJ. PMID: 5365004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 309: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1970 Aug;72(2):238-43. Comparison between two methods of demonstrating relatedness of emotionality variables in rats. King DL. PMID: 5489456 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 310: J Genet Psychol. 1969 Sep;115(1st Half):75-6. A criticism of the study by McDowell and Merchent on fearfulness in control and irradiated rats. A reply to the preceding criticism by Smith and Dimond. McDowell AA, Stolmeier PV. PMID: 5365005 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 311: Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1971;15(2):17-21. [Effect of an industrial frequency electric field on motor dominant formation] [Article in Russian] Sazonova TE. PMID: 5090847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 312: Int J Biometeorol. 1973 Sep;17(3):277-84. [Influence of negative atmospheric ions on adaptation to an anxiety situation in rats] [Article in French] Olivereau JM. PMID: 4756241 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 313: Biofizika. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(5):950-3. [Chronobiological analysis of subarctic features of long-term dynamics of biological processes] [Article in Russian] Kashulin PA, Roldugin VK. Arctic-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kirovsk, Russia. The analysis of a large number of chronobiological observations (heliospheric modulations, cosmophysical factors, weak low-frequency electromagnetic influences, etc.) allows us to make a conclusion about the possibility of direct and indirect exogenous (relative to the biosphere) modulations of biological processes in avroral and arctic zones. A nonequivalence of various seasons for the performance of introduction experiments was established. It was shown that the intensive fluctuations of environmental conditions are very important for the survival of living forms introduced into subarctic regions. PMID: 11094729 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 314: NITA. 1982 Nov-Dec;5(6):374. Patient emotional response to intravenous therapy. Brown EA. PMID: 6924083 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 315: Nerv Sist. 1969;10:177-83. [Registration of electromagnetic fields arising during the movements of insects, birds and animals] [Article in Russian] Guliaev PI, Zabotin VI, Shlippenbakh NIa. PMID: 5404169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 316: Psychol Rep. 1965 Oct;17(2):595-602. Behavioral effects of stimulation by UHF radio fields. Eakin SK, Thompson WD. PMID: 5833745 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 317: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1996 Jun;57(6):576. A missing factor? Ely TS. Publication Types: Letter PMID: 8651079 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 318: Anim Behav. 1967 Oct;15(4):574-85. Changes in the behaviour of Lebistes reticulatus upon a repeated shadow stimulus. Russell EM. PMID: 6055114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 319: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS. 1992 Feb 17;68(7):946-949. Frequency upconversion of electromagnetic radiation upon transmission into an ionization front. Savage RL Jr, Joshi C, Mori WB. PMID: 10046039 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
We believe there is a better way than blasting the brain with thousands upon thousands of Gauss during short exposure.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to up-regulate / help reset various neurotransmission processes, it would make sense that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) would in fact have significant beneficial effect on depression and other psychiatric disorders caused by neuro-chemical and hormonal imbalances and / or neurotransmission processes.
Research shows that pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (rTMS / PEMF) up-modulates certain neuroendocrine functions which improve psychological and physiological health and wellbeing. See Parkinson’s bibliography for studies involving Dopamine and Melatonin synthesis and the Sandyk and Anninos pages for Parkinson’s and Epilepsy specifically. In 2006 momentum increased in the field of researching rTMS / PEMF specifically against depression and other neurological conditions and Health Canada was very close to approving transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. In 2007 Canada reversed its position and rTMS/TMS is now no closer to approval than it was several years ago. In the United States you will wait for years, if not decades.
Research has proven beyond any reasonable doubt, that pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF therapy) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS/TMS) are absent expected or unexpected adverse reactions though about 10-15% are non-responsive in our experience.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
]]>For evidence of Sleep on Command™ distinctive longevity effects; I offer Gizmo a 16 year old Yorkie-Maltese (16 y.o. 14 Sept ’10) that has been on EP for 7.5 years who still plays with her food like a puppy. You’ll never find a dog more motivated by food at any age.
The Holy Grail of ANY medical paradigm on this planet is a way to directly boost the integrity of the mitochondria and reduce oxidative stress. Search PubMed.gov or Google scholar for “mitochondrial dysfunction” (in quotes) adding any disease to that search and in 9 out of 10 (or more) disease states you will find relatively convincing evidence of coexisting mitochondrial dysfunction. Take a moment and try it with some diseases that touch your life and see that I am correct. What I hope you will recognize in the short pages below that there is a very simple method to support mitochondrial integrity and increase the amount of energy they produce.
MoreATP is based upon the preposition that if one were able to sustain the body longer on a fixed amount of oxygen (oxygen in a single deep-breath of air); then that body HAS GOT TO BE EXTRACTING MORE USABLE ENERGY (ATP) OUT OF THAT BREATH OF AIR. MoreATP proposes an upregulation (in efficiency) of the oxidative phosphorylation process; and this is the ONLY plausible explanation.
According to Wikipedia air inhaled into the lungs is approximately 20% O2 and just .04% CO2; while breath exhaled is approximately 15% oxygen and 4-5% CO2. For MoreATP to be correct these ratio’s would have to change with less O2 being exhaled. I have said many times that during these tests as they get longer and longer, the breath exhaled becomes smaller and smaller. Hmmmmm. To draw an analogy between mechanical engines and the engines of our cells (hundreds to thousands of trillions of mitochondria), if mileage goes up, emissions MUST go down. Reducing the amount of free-radical creation and increased (rather than decreasing) ATP production is the Mitochondrial Theory of Aging in REVERSE!
I believe based upon the feedback from hundreds of clients; that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) between 5 Hz and 15 Hz (Hz= beats per second) are this aforementioned Holy Grail.
This will be explained with citations below.
Here I provide the first cohesive theory providing a method to radically extend healthy human lifespan (and your pets’) while simultaneously explaining precisely how pulsed electromagnetic fields utilizing frequencies between 5 Hz and 15 Hz have proven such well established healing and regenerative effects, as those represented in 4 decades of literature with absolutely no side effects beside transient headache with rTMS.
Within the the range between 5 Hz to 15 Hz, dozens and dozens of studies NEVER failed to show beneficial effects in excess of 80% of test subjects regardless if subject species were two or 4 legged. These effects have been repeatedly well documented over the course of 4+ decades and through volumes of peer reviewed literature.
This range of frequencies provide roughly the same effect regardless of whether the stimulation is magnetic or electric in nature. However this paper will deal with pulsed electromagnetics as they are easier to control and since electric currents limit effectiveness by following the path of least resistance, such that homogeneous and systemic electrical stimulation is nearly impossible.
The moreATP proposition remains cohesive at frequencies as low as 2 Hz and as high as 20 Hz, regardless of tissue type (even plants), and particularly where tissue is damaged or debilitated and suffering underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; which is the rule rather than exception.
By default, this paper also provides a simple explanation for much of the documented effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as it is generally applied at under 20 Hz. It also provides a very simple explanation why stimulation at these frequencies provide such stunning effects overall regardless of the tissue type.
“When the solution is simple, God is answering.” ~ Albert Einstein ~
The FDA has refused approvals for novel uses of pulsed electromagnetic fields hiding behind the heretofore vague explanations given for their efficacy. For instance “raising cell membrane potential”. This paper rectifies the dilemma of not being able to explain to the FDA in the smallest detail (at the mitochondrial level) how PEMF stimulation between 1 Hz and 20 Hz affect the cell and raises this membrane potential. This should open the door to many new approvals by FDA and similar agencies worldwide.
I’ve chosen the name moreATP because the effects of PEMF at this frequency range are simply due to excess production of organic ATP; synthesized naturally in the cell mitochondria via the cell respiration process albeit at more efficient levels.
This is not theory at all, but applied or evidence based science as data has been collected on hundreds of clients showing vast improvements in oxygen metabolism within 7 days. We test oxygen metabolism through a very low-tech, yet accurate and objective means called the resting-breath-hold (RBH) test. Free divers call it the static breath hold. Very simply, it is how long you can hold your breath at rest;….providing a very reliable objective method to measure oxygen consumption rates. Draw oxygen from the blood slower, saturated blood oxygen goes up. We’ve seen it change 3% over 3 days in a 68 year old woman and 5% in a 55 year old distance runner living at 6000 feet altitude. To hold your breath longer at rest, means your mitochondria are burning the O2 contained in that breath more efficiently than it had previously. As the breath hold goes up, cellular energy is going up in (at least) linear fashion. One could arguably attain the same through meditation or yoga; albeit with infinitely more effort as this takes none.
Longer breath hold times (with no physical conditioning) very simply requires oxygen to be burned more efficiently, thus sustaining the body for longer periods of time on the same volume of air. More efficient oxygen consumption subsequently requires the respiration process to produce less reactive oxygen species. Much like tuning an automobile, mileage and horsepower go up – emissions go down; the usable lifetime of the engine extended.
Very simply, exposure to 10 Hz (or close enough; between 5 and 15 Hz) has an immediate and direct effect on the mitochondria as demonstrated in the following studies. While 5 Hz and 15 Hz have been found to produce DOUBLE the rates of tissue regeneration, 10 Hz produces tissue regeneration at FOUR times baseline. Particularly due to the turbocharging of the energy production system which appears to peak precisely at 10 Hz in a bell shaped curve. At power frequency (50-60 Hz) and higher, you are crippling your mitochondria, below 1 Hz and you do the same. At 20 Hz or more, stress hormones are produced so its good not to use higher frequency therapy for prolonged periods. Our device operates at 14.1 Hz and below but our key frequency has always been 9.6 Hz for reason’s explained below.
In 1989 David Hood found chronic (30+ days) 10 Hz stimulation TRIPLED two CRITICAL enzymes used during final stages of cell respiration. Citrate-synthase the regulator of the Krebs cycle and cytochrome-c-oxidase. which is critical in the electron transport chain. Hood concluded this was due to similarly increased mitochondrial ribonucleic acid (mtRNA). Hood’s finding is perfectly consistent with our finding of improved oxygen use in every one of our satisfied clients. Testing systemic oxygen consumption via RBH test since 2005 we have found routine improvements 94% of our clients and in some in as little as 2-3 days.
As cell’s metabolize oxygen more efficiently, they draw oxygen from blood slower, producing more energy and less waste from every breath; thus you are able to hold your breath up to 2 x longer after several years of use. 20-30% in a few short weeks. Finely tuned athletes at peak performance and 100% blood oxygen levels already, increase RBH routinely by 20% within a month or two. These percentage effects are amplified under load. For instance while two US swimmers were able to increase their RBH by 20% they increased the distance they could swim underwater by 50%! We’re talking about world class, genetically superior athletes. One of our clients currently holds one of two world records he set within the last year. Two years ago went undefeated at 3 distances in 9 cities. 27 Gold medals out of 27 races; and he’s retirement age. He almost retired due to lost performance after the season that preceded his use of EP.
In 2003 NASA-Goodwin found 10 Hz square wave stimulation caused neural tissue regeneration @ 4x baseline, w/ better 3-D orientation; cell DNA signature turned – OFF – 120+ sets of maturation genes and turned – ON – 120+ sets of developmental genes. Over 100 sets of nucleic DNA reverted from maturation to developmental. NASA didn’t dig deep enough to explain why cell regeneration QUADRUPLED under 10 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) or why the genetic effects occurred ONLY at 10 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). However moreATP explains very well based upon the work of David Hood and the efficient demonstration by James Tong below.
NASA-Goodwin also found something completely unexpected. 10 Hz and 10 Hz only turned 120+ maturation genes -OFF- and switched 120+ developmental genes -ON- ! This effect can only be due to such immense amounts of energy being generated by the cell. Very plainly the cell is detoxified with all this extra energy and literally “tricked” into believing it is young again. It is not outside the realm of possibility that it will be found genetic and chromosomal repair, and lengthening of telomere is accomplished also. The longevity effect on the human organism is staggering.
MoreATP would predict that the NASA study above showed a majority of their findings due to mitochondrial robustness that 10 Hz stimulation provided. Energy output at levels able to support regeneration at 4 times baseline. Simultaneously, cells that were mature were literally “tricked” into believing they are younger because the power being generated within; and subsequently upregulation of ion transport and cell detoxification, and downregulation of ROS production. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may have been repaired through some unidentified mechanism or due to extraordinary levels of energy in the cell, or detoxification of the cell protoplasm, or due plainly to the mitochochondrion itself being detoxified, or due to ROS production being near NULL, or more than likely a combination of all.
In 2007 James Tong DOUBLED mitochondrial density at the nerve synapse but TRIPLED nerve synapse energy utilizing 10 Hz stimulation. These synergistic changes took only 5 minutes to manifest. It is prudent to consider Tong fist stimulated at 1/2 Hz for just two minutes and both mitochondrial density and nerve junction energy parameters fell by 20%. However within 5 minutes at 10 Hz both measurements soared. Compare mitochondrial DENSITY of unstimulated mitochondria (white circles) w/ 10 Hz stimulated mitochondria (black circles); compare TOTAL ENERGY at synapse junction unstimulated (white circles) w/ 10 Hz stimulated (black circles). Mitochondrial density change = 2x+ and Synapse Energy change = 3x+ so each mitochondria increased its energy production by 50% within 5 minutes. Also, keep in mind that Hood’s samples took 30 days stimulation to peak their enzyme production.
We have relied upon 9.6 Hz in our Sleep on Command™ pulsed-magnetic sleep-machine since 2001 because it is naturally occurring and explains very well why 10 Hz stimulation works the way it does. Bob Beck discovered this 9.6 Hz resonation by driving metal stakes deep into the earth way back in the 1970’s. 9.6 Hz resonates from the core of mother Earth and we find it particularly useful to help promote deep sleep through the process known as ENTRAINMENT. It produces remarkable athletic performance enhancement as well. We believe 9.6 is the magic number, not 10.
Quite simply while our neurological system is known to be “paced” by the Schumann waves it is simply clear that the mitochondria are tuned by the Earth’s core resonation at or around 9.6 Hz; particularly while lying horizontal and preferably when sleeping in contact with the ground. This is the primary reason camping is known to produce such remarkable sleep and why earthing technologies are gaining popularity. EarthPulse™ is earthing on steroids!
Gizmo the 15 3/4 year old Yorkie-Maltese is one of my EarthPulse™ longevity experiments. I just posted Gizmo’s Summer 2010 video clip where she’s 110 human years old and moves as fast and quick as a 5 year old dog. Her mind state is definitely puppy-like. She’s now on the device for exactly 1/2 her lifetime. During the day she spends hours in her favorite perch (on the top of the couch arm-rest) where she sleeps for hours (1/2 inch above the 200 G inductor at 9.6 Hz) plus nighttime exposure at under 1 Gauss with the inductor under her master’s mattress. She still stalks her food like a puppy; and if you turn up the volume in the 8 second video #2, you’ll hear her digging her nails into the carpet. No arthritis or joint pain in her whatsoever. Please take the time to check out some of the other life changing videos while at our YouTube channel.
In 2001 at 43 years old I built my first device for a fellow with Parkinson’s disease. I discovered the sleep effect the very first night it was completed. I quickly found that regular nighttime use of the EarthPulse™ DC pulsed electromagnetic fields at 9.6 Hz quickly and reliably enhanced sleep and daytime mental & physical performance. Recovery even from old sports injuries was phenomenal.
Within weeks providing strength and stamina gains rivaling steroids. I found my left rotator cuff (suffered 22 dislocations during 14 years 1986-2001) became completely resolved in 3 months. Previously I all but quit surfing in 1999 as i could barely paddle and residual sharp pain for 3 days was unbearable; by 2002 I was barely able to swing nor grip a golf club due to shoulder, and numbness and weakness in the cooresponding left hand. I stayed in shape with a bowflex and worked the bad shoulder constantly with low resistance and high reps. Lots of joint formula. Within days of my first prototype at 9.6 Hz during the nighttime, the numbness in my fingertips was resolved, ringing dull pain resolved in 3 weeks; and by month 3 for the most part the shoulder was back to normal. No more popping, grinding, snapping sounds. 9 years later, my grip strength is comparable to my right-hand. I can surf 3-5 hours per day for 4-5 days in succession with no pain or sunburn (3 day limit in my 20’s); hit 400 golf balls at the range or walk 36 holes of golf. I smoke a pack of natural tobacco non filtered cigarettes per day (sometimes more), and don’t surf or play golf nearly as much as I’d like to. My SAO2 is 99%, I can hold my breath for 2:30 seconds, swim 50 meters under water (diving off one end) and mostly I’m chained to this desk much of the time. EarthPulse™ makes aging a cake-walk. Wish I felt this good at 26 before I blew my shoulder out. For the record it is advisable to consume a good quality joint supplement during these rehabilitative connective tissue goals as regenerating these tissues need their constituate nutritional / structural for maximum effect (I personally recommend GLC for joints and BoneUp for bone). I took joint formulas since 1991 but still my shoulder eventually failed (continued until May 2003 and now used in small maintenance doses only); my right ankle and knee that where problems almost every morning completely resolved. I used to have to “pop” my right knee several times per day. Strength and stamina gains are easily explained by my moreATP proposition, as are recovery / regeneration effects. So are reported elevation of hormone levels by clients who have checked them (mitochondria reside in your endocrine tissues as well).
It took 7 full years for my RBH to double with no effort, practice or aerobic physical conditioning but for sporadic surfing and 2-3 rounds of golf per week. It is my propositon that 9.6 Hz every night could have resulted in taking 7 full years for a complete turnover of cells in the body, that older cells had revived and lingered for years. Based upon that fact I summize a doubling of lifespan with potential to reach 200 years or more. The longevity possibilites are staggering; especially if you combine 9.6 Hz while sleeping with other known therapies and supplement programs.
These pulsed magnetic field therapy bibliographies contain several hundred peer reviewed pulsed electromagnetic therapy study abstracts spanning nearly 6 decades, organized by disorder, most linked directly to the U.S. National Institutes of Health & National Libraries of Medicine. You will notice many, if not most of these pulsed electro-magnetic therapy studies use frequencies under 20 Hz.
Heretofor, evidence offered in support of various biological effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) has differed widely. The theoretical proposition moreATP, cohesively explains -very simply- why pulsed electromagnetic therapy at 10 Hz (+ or – 5 Hz) works as well as it does. 10 Hz incontrovertably “the sweet-spot” producing twice the effect of either 5 or 15 hz. Untll now there has been no cohesive way to explain the effects of PEMF or rTMS. Based on MoreATP, it would be advisable for more rTMS research be conducted at 10 Hz rather than higher, or very low in the 1 Hz range (as seems to be the majority of studies).
Robert O. Becker MD proved optimum cellular repair at stimulation periods 8 hours – ON – / 8 hours – OFF -; using minute, microampere DC electric current. His mouth to my ears… “The cell can only absorb so much energy at a time and create only so much change over 24 hours. Your 8 hours during the nighttime is the next best thing.” This being the classic example of ACE pathway, and one that the FDA finds inadequate enough to HIDE behind, even in the case of fresh fracture healing at 200% – 300% faster rate, spinal cord repair or stroke rehabilitation. Click here to see a synopsis of Robert O. Becker‘s latest work.
At the time I had been unable to discuss mitochondrial effects with Bob as I hadn’t been aware of the Hood or NASA research until late 2005; and although feeling better “winded” I had not noticed my RBH increase as I had not checked it for some years.
Robert Becker was of the DC current mindset so most of our discussions we’re of DC “microcurrents” and the energy transfer to the cells provided, with or without conductive silver nylon fabrics; the electrochemical treatment of cancer tumors using silver electrodes (rather than tungsten as in the Nordenstrom works); and of course EarthPulse™ PEMF entrainment for sleep. We did discuss the incrontravertable 10 Hz pattern in the peer reviewed research, the fact his long time friend (and one time student) Andrew Marino, PhD had done research with 10 Hz and the discovery of the 9.6 Hz “resonation” discovered by Bob C. Beck.
This link to Becker & Marino’s Electromagnetism and Life (it takes a bit of time for the pdf to load so be patient) is probably the most well documented essay in existence on the detrimental effects of power and microwave telecommunications frequencies as well as some of the earlier works using electric and magnetic stimulation techniques. Far, far ahead of their time, but very relevant today.
Dr. Robert O. Becker, MD and Paul F. Becker, Esq. in 2004
“You sure have come up with something that helps me sleep” ~ R.O. Becker ~
Check this paper particularly the comment by Aubrie de Grey about reduced ROS production and its affect on cell longevity. See this study by YH Wei et al. and then go back to the 1998 David Hood study where enzyme activity responsible for oxygen molecule metabolism increased 3 fold (by 10 hrs per day for 35 days stimulation).
In summary moreATP equates to increase in organically produced ATP; thereby increased cell membrane potential; increased nerve synapse potential; improved ion transport; reduced ROS production; improved ROS neutralization; improved cell detoxification; reduced cell inflammation; thereby synergistically enhancing cell survival and longevity at the mitochondrial (potentially mtDNA) level.
The Resting-Breath-Hold (RBH) test proves significant increases in 94% of our new clients, though it would probably be higher under controlled and supervised studies; as many of the returns (currently just 4 3/4% since January ’10) may never have taken the opportunity to measure it. These RBH increases and subsequently improved levels of physical and mental performance are indisputable evidence that this theoretical proposition is partially if not completely supported
“Who wants to live forever?” ~ Freddie Mercury, Queen
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The neurological system operates via electric and electromagnetic signals. Does it not make sense to address neurological disease states from an electrophysiological or electrochemical rather than chemical-electro based point of view?
50 years of research suggests that some sort type of electrophysiological deficit exists and that it is addressable via same electrophysiological channel. This is how bone stimulators work.
These addressable conditions for which there is peer reviewed research upon which you can base your own mind; include but are not limited to epilepsy, Parkinson’s, migraine, cluster and other headache syndromes, severe PMS, attention deficit disorder ADD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, insomnia and sleeping disorders in general, muscle twitch, tremor disorders, muscle weakness, chronic wounds, bone non-unions and endometriosis.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
]]>The addition of pulsed electromagnetic fields to nutritional supplementation for cartilage and bone matrix provides synergistic effects.
Pulsed electromagnetic field effects are generally dose dependent and highly dependent upon waveform and frequency. It is not rocket science but somehow they keep the best technologies out of your hands. Robert O. Becker MD discovered that 8 hour on – 8 hours off cycles were best for all applications using DC current. Eastern European researchers found most effective waveform (square) and frequency (10 Hz) back in the 1970’s. Largely, Western studies are missing the frequency and waveform target and only a few studies have been able to replicate those Eastern European results.
Longer duration, regular interval pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure at the proper amplitude, pulse shape (waveform) and frequency provide reliable bone matrix and cartilage matrix generation. Add nutritional support and results on both osteo arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can be phenomenal.
Pulsed electromagnetic field research has proven PEMF’s capable of equal or better results than conventional therapies and invasive procedures like arthroscopic surgery, bone grafting, bone cement, etc., without side effects, pain, expense and risk of complications.
]]>In 2003 we found mitochondrial efficiency upregulated further under extreme load. We first reported swimmers could swim up to 50% further underwater (on one same-volume breath of air) within 60 days of nightly use. So percentage gains in mitochondrial efficiency is further improved where oxygen demand is at its greatest. NO OTHER TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD CAN CLAIM THIS EFFECT. PERIOD. Not straps, not patches, not supplements, not hypoxic / altitude training, not meditation, not electric-stim, not pad electromagnetic systems, not steroids or banned performance enhancing substances. Think of EarthPulse as a turbo-charger for the body’s systems that is unique in all the world.
RESTING BREATH-HOLD TEST: SIT COMFORTABLY, TAKE ONE MINUTE TO DEEP BREATH/OXYGEN LOAD (WITHOUT HYPERVENTILATING). TAKE SLOW, DEEP BREATHS AND ALLOW YOUR HEART RATE TO DROP NOT ELEVATE; THEN DEEP BREATHE AND HOLD IT FOR TIME. SIMPLE. PARTICIPANTS DO THIS TEST ABOUT ONCE PER WEEK DURING THE FIRST 3 MONTHS (PAYING CLIENTS ARE ASKED TO DO THIS ONCE PER WEEK) FOR A MONTH. WE GUARANTEE YOU’LL BE IMPRESSED WITH THE CHANGE.
In the non-athletic, we routinely observe saturated blood oxygen levels improve 2% – 5% where it is depressed due to poor health, lack of conditioning or age.
Further, is EarthPulse’ unique ability to accelerate short and long-term recovery. The EarthPulse™ has been built in strict accordance to certain biomagnetic laws. One of these is that the body doesn’t like repetitive frequencies over 20Hz. This has been proven in several dozen animal studies. All of which are represented in the various research bibliographies. From electromagnetic pollution (your brain on the wireless revolution) to how to enhance the body’s ability to regenerate tissue. This is frequency specific technology of the finest order. No one else is spot on.
Finally, EarthPulse™ will provide the most significant life extension and anti-aging effects ever discovered. At these frequencies NASA 2003 study proved that at the frequency we’ve used in RECOVER MODE since 2001 turned maturation genes off and developmental genes on.
The emails below are listed in chronological order from baseline through most current. There were 8 participants chosen randomly of 20 who applied. One has been dropped for non-compliance with correspondence requirements.
]]>Pulsed magnetic therapy research reveals pulsed electromagnetic field therapy promotes various healing mechanisms, and has been found to promote bone tissue regeneration (even where bone non-union exists), connective tissue regeneration, wound tissue regeneration (even where chronic wounds exist), nerve tissue regeneration with no reported expected or unexpected adverse reactions. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research has proven beyond any reasonable doubt, that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are safe and effective for these uses.
Pulsed electromagnetic field research has proven PEMF’s are capable of equal or better results than conventional therapies and invasive procedures under the same circumstances, without side effects, pain, expense and risk of complications; succeeding even where conventional and invasive therapies have failed.
If you’ve got fibromyalgia pain or migraine headaches, PEMF is the answer to your prayers and we’ve rarely seen it fail. Another failure by the medical mainstream to pay attention to some very thought provoking research.
See also Osteoporosis PEMF Bibliography / Fibromyalgia Pain PEMF Bibliography / Migraine PEMF Bibliography
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
]]>This type of therapy called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS – or – sometimes called slow-TMS if 1 Hz or less – i.e. 1 pulse per second or less-) is gaining a strong reputation for being extremely safe and providing measurable and perceptible benefits in users. Though most therapeutic studies show TMS/rTMS provides safe, therapeutic effects warranting an explosion of research, widespread use of TMS/rTMS is strictly for diagnostic purposes. We have omitted most of these diagnostic studies from this resource.
Canada was close to approving rTMS / TMS for psychological / anti-depressive effects at 1000’s of Gauss magnetic field density, however it reversed its policy and is farther than ever from approval. Ludicrous, since the discovery by Anninos and Sandyk that picotesla fields (millions of times less dense @ 10-13 Tesla) than most rTMS have substantial neurological benefits.
In January ’07 the FDA Advisors rejected rTMS use for depression even though it does no harm and usually produces results.
Peer reviewed journal abstracts libraried by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) indicate rTMS / TMS as beneficial and without perceptible expected or unexpected adverse reactions in epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, MS, Alzheimer’s, migraine headache, cluster headache, severe PMS, depression, ADD/ADHD and others.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>Becker & Becker August 2004
The father of electromedicine and electrochemically induced cellular regeneration w/ Paul Becker EarthPulse Sleep on Command™ developer.
In the 1970’s Becker warned that power frequency and radio wave fields were damaging to health. He lost his research funding and was forced out of the Veterans Administration Hospital in Syracuse University subsequent to this 60 minutes interview. Little did he know that EMF’s were going to destroy the sleep patterns of all planetary inhabitants.
We are happy to announce that a deal has been formed between his silver-nylon bandage manufacturer and our Indian associates, and low-cost silver nylon material should be available world-wide by Fall 2010. The manufacturing facility is being completed as this is written.
]]>First let’s enlighten you to the prime reason we need sleep (not available through any text-book that I know of, or taught in medical school because its just too simple and makes too much sense of it).
Only during the deepest state of sleep called Delta-rhythm (not rapid-eye-movement aka REM) do brain, heart, respiration and organ systems slow to sufficient extent that there is excess ATP (body’s universal energy) available to pool inside the cells. This pooled energy, upon reaching threshold, “triggers” physiological and neurological repair, hormone synthesis, immune function and memory consolidation. Insufficient ATP pooling, insufficient nighttime repair, hormone production, memory. Very simple.
Sleep scientists have studied sleep in fruit flies’ for years in an attempt to figure out why humans need sleep. Maybe they’ll learn something useful with all the money they spend. The primary reason we need Delta-rhythm sleep is stated above. Not enough Delta stage sleep (2 hours minimum, 3-4 hours optimum) and there is simply not enough pooled energy to perform sufficient restore/repair processes; or they shut down altogether. The result is a body that breaks down quickly and ages prematurely both mentally and physically.
You see, cells’ mitochondria create ATP (the fuel that fires ALL cellular process) through a process called cellular respiration 24 hours per day; and you’re body consumes nearly all of it to maintain consciousness, movement and physiological processes. Even during rapid-eye-movement / REM states of sleep, body’s energy requirement is still too high to allow for sufficient pooling of ATP required for the triggering of these nighttime physiological processes. Learn how to synthesize moreATP.
Inadequate Delta-rhythm sleep reduces immune function and provides a chink in your armor that allows diseases of all etiologies to begin manifesting. According to researcher Dr. Eve Van Cauter complete lack of Delta-rhythm for as little as 3 nights (in most cases by night 5) caused healthy college students’ glucose profiles to look pre-diabetic; and leptin (the satiation hormone) levels to drop significantly causing hunger and higher caloric intake. When your mom told you to go to bed because you needed your sleep, she knew what she was talking about. These days however, going to bed is no guarantee you’re going to sleep, or sleep well enough to repair.
Now, the primary reason you don’t sleep well anymore.
In a nutshell, there is an increasingly dense, invisible soup of information carrying radio frequency – radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields literally broadcast through our bodies by the telecommunications industry twenty four hours per day, 7 days per week.
It isn’t stress of modern life, finances or evolution. Plain and simple, it is propagating RF pollution and the denser the field (either closer to a cell mast or in midst of more and more cell masts) the worse your sleep and overall wellbeing. Studies that fail to show immediate results are not designed well or looking for the right effects. See issues below.
Published studies testing reaction time or thought process due to exposure;
Published studies testing sleep quality assume that taking a person out of modern day life (already exposed to these fields on a daily basis and who’s sleep is probably already affected to one degree or another);
study parameters usually faulted (as in this study)
Sound about right as to Radio Frequency and sleep? If so, you can stop reading now and return to to the Earth Pulse to find out how you can revert your mature cells back to developmental, possibly preventing cancer and other diseases, and double or perhaps triple your lifespan; or you may continue reading below for more evidence that RF is destroying your sleep; and your health at the sub-cellular level.
Let’s start where there is a plethora of agreeing research; that’s with DNA damage due to RF exposure (we’re going to skip brain cancer altogether) then we’ll get back to sleep. Our point here, is that you can’t expect “controlled” laboratory experiments on your average human being. They’re sleep patterns are already screwed up. DNA changes due to telecommunications signals should be enough to convince you. This is an area where effects are ROUTINELY found. So, is should make sense to you that other effects like cancer, brain cancer, autism and POOR SLEEP would occur eventually due to cumulative DNA damage regardless of ability to reliably measure it.
We’ll leave it up to you to decide; but ponder this. It is rather clear that DNA and chromosomes in tissues exposed to radio frequency fields has less ability to repair itself in proportion to the damage. With today’s wireless exposure we’re talking 24/7 exposure at relatively low levels but for when holding a handset or placing it against the head. This is of course unless you believe the disinformation tossed at you by the telecommunications industry.
It doesn’t take more than a reasonable leap-of-faith to recognize exposure to radiofrequency fields is causing debilitation of repair at the genetic level, and that is why we’re seeing explosion in cancer, autism (keeping in mind the added MMR vaccine effects) and sleep disturbances.
Likewise, you have genetic material in your pineal gland where melatonin is synthesized, and over the course of 2 decades of RF propagating RF fields and exposure, there is no doubt in the author’s mind that poor sleep and RF exposure is intimately connected.
For years, power frequency 50 / 60 Hz (Hz = cycles per second) alternating current electric fields have had only a slightly detrimental impact on our sleep (as in most cases these electric fields hug the walls and ceilings of our dwelling spaces). Today however, the minor threat from our electrical wiring has been FAR overshadowed by information carrying radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) that are having PROFOUNDLY deleterious impact on sleep quality and sleep duration, as well as body’s power generation and communication systems.
This RF comes to us via the cellular telephone networks, home wireless phones (how many readers have cordless phones in their bedroom?) and exposure to wireless computer networks. Poor sleep, the disappearance of bee’s and sparrows are the proverbial canary(ies)-in-the-coal-mine. Nature has reached the tipping point. Skyrocketing cancer rates can’t all be due to poor food and air-pollution. Besides, the Soviets proved microwaves caused cancer and weaponized it seemingly first, demonstrating it on their barrage on the US embassy in a well publicized story back in the 1970’s when Time magazine and US media had (some) ethics to reported news (not smoke and mirrors).
Very simply, no matter where you live in the world, RF pollution has more than likely drowned-out the natural ultra-low-frequency (ULF) and bottom end extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields that humans (and animals) have evolved within and relied upon for eons to live long, healthy and stress-free lives. Add noise from power frequency and the dangers should be quite evident. We were “designed” or alternatively evolved so that NATURAL electromagnetic fields such as the Schumann resonance helped “tune” mind (and body) to maintain physiological repair mechanisms and psychological well being. However, RF de-tunes and robs body of energy at the mitochondrial level and subsequently reduces healthy cell homeostasis.
You see, natural electromagnetic fields are for the most part, very-very low frequency. To call them extremely low frequency (ELF) is really not very accurate as it’s a fairly wide frequency band. When we talk of “natural” electromagnetic fields we’re talking about the very bottom-end of the ELF spectrum. Technically ELF is 3 Hz – 300 Hz, so we’ll incorrectly call it very-very low to include the ultra low frequency (ULF or up to 3 Hz) and those ELF frequencies between 3 Hz and 14.1 Hz (the second “recognized” peak of Schumann resonance -notice the spectrum below 7.8 Hz- corresponding with deep sleep – notice also the amplitude of 60 Hz being more than that of 7.8 Hz). 15 Hz is documented in dozens of animal studies to cause behavioral modification (stress) and above 20 Hz to result in stress hormone production. Stress hormone production like cortisol is very bad.
Provided you read the links above regarding ATP and the mitochondria please take a minute to read the conclusions (last few lines) of these two studies linking cell phone exposure to oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Keep in mind oxidative damage is main contributing factor to cellular apoptosis or the cell death signal…Apoptosis induced by radiofrequency fields…Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA.
Now, check what happens to the damage when a very small “electronic noise” signal is placed beneath the same RF signals…Electromagnetic noise inhibits radio frequency radiation-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species. This doesn’t explain how Sleep on Command™ tunes you to sleep, but does go a long way toward showing that extremely small amplitude electromagnetic signals have extremely profound affect upon body and does explain how lying in our Sleep on Command™ field helps protect you from RF while you sleep.
The body trying to “hear” the beneficial NATURAL Schumann and Earth-based electromagnetic fields within propagating RF is analogous to attempting to hear a flute solo surrounded by a platoon of air horns (especially while laying in bed at night trying to quiet the mind for sleep). We surround you in a close source of ULF and very-very low ELF fields that literally “tunes” you to sleep.
W.O. Schumann a German physicist, discovered in 1952 that there is a resonant cavity between the earth’s surface and the ionosphere containing a frequency modulated electromagnetic field in the spectrum from below 1 Hz to more than 100 Hz. Notice in the graph below that the dominant frequencies of these “Schumann Waves” is below 14 Hz. Notice below the distinct peaks in the Delta range heretofore mistakenly not “recognized” Schumann frequencies.
The Russian Space Agency discovered that Schumann- wave generators in space craft (formerly void of fluctuating magnetic fields) improved the health and well being of astronauts on extended space voyages; especially effects upon bone density. N.A.S.A. included them in the design of the Space Station to fend off osteoporosis, muscle wasting and other effects of zero gravity during extended Station missions because it works. Studies show astounding anti-osteoporosis/bone wasting effects, yet the technology is sidelined for this purpose. See this paper that explains why it shouldn’t be albeit nationalized healthcare programs designed to push pharmaceuticals propelling their users into a “death-spiral” that lasts for years requiring more and more medications to cope with the effects of the previous ones. All prescription meds debilitate the mitochondria. Find me one that doesn’t. I’d like to hear about it and then I’ll update this paragraph.
We are describing a very narrow healthy frequency band where frequencies above 15 Hz have been shown in dozens of frequency specific animal studies to cause negative behavioral modification; above 20 Hz to cause stress hormone production. You’ll notice that the highest amplitude peak in the graph is 7.8 Hz and is what most people mistakenly believe is “THE” Schumann resonance. In reality Schumann resonance is a SPECTRUM of frequencies with the majority of its amplitude below 15 Hz, and with peaks at 14.1 Hz, 20.3 Hz, and higher.
The graph at right is what the Schumann spectrum looks like when notshielded from 60 Hz electrical wiring. Notice again the peaks in Delta-rhythm and that the amplitude of the 60 Hz wiring is far above any other frequencies.
What is remarkable is these fields overlay the stress-free human EEGalmost perfectly. Notice again the peaks at about 1.5 Hz and 2.5 Hz within the Delta rhythm band (these are included in Sleep on Command™ sleep-mode programs). These low frequencies are what used to naturally help provide a fairly strong signal to “entrain” to during the nighttime, that particularly helped us to achieve Delta rhythm sleep. Now, you can visualize the analogy of hearing the flute solo withing the platoon of air-horns.
Equally important, the mitochondria (cell’s power plants) respond particularly well to frequencies falling within this narrow frequency band (especially 10 Hz) and are debilitated (or worse by RF.) You may read the peer-reviewed research on the homepage that may have lead you here, but we’ll save you the effort and list the most important ones immediately below. We’ve used 9.6 Hz since inception in 2001 and is our primary use frequency for sleep, recovery and longevity.
Research during 5 decades (much of it in former Soviet Union) conclusively showed that a 10 Hz field produced the most exceptional healing and tissue regenerating effects in several dozen peer reviewed publications. In 2003 NASA discovered a 10 Hz field turned gene sequences (over 300 individual genes) for maturation -OFF- and for developmental -ON-. Further, it found a four fold increase in rate of neural tissue regeneration. It is also the frequency (9.6 HZ) of our RECOVER-MODE program I sleep in every night. RECOVER is used nightly by 25% of our clients.
In 2007 James Tong found 10 Hz TRIPLED nerve synapse energy and DOUBLED mitochondrial density at nerve synapses. In the linked chart (which may be enlarged by clicking on it) compare unstimulated control mitochondria (white circles) with 10 Hz stimulated (black circles) in upper and lower segments.
In 1989 David Hood found chronic (30+ days) 10 Hz stimulation increased two critical enzymes of cell respiration, citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase by factors of 3x. This would be consistent with our finding of improved oxygen metabolism by frequencies utilized by our Sleep on Command™ device.
These effects are diminished the further away from 10 Hz you get. Once you get to 1 Hz these effects are minimal (though sleep effects are significant). You can read the scientific documentation on 1 Hz signal and sleep in our Futuristic Sleep-Machine Now Reality piece of 2006. Once you get to 5 Hz or alternatively 15 Hz the regenerating effects diminish to “just” a factor of two. However, you must be cognizant that neurological effects at 15 Hz and above are detrimental.
The Schumann waves encircle the earth horizontal to the ground in a spectrum resembling the graph above, while 9.6 Hz resonates from the Earth’s molten core perpendicular to the ground. Recent study into the workings of cells’ mitochondria find that 10 Hz stimulation (see studies linked above) greatly enhances mitochondrial adaptation to both physical and neurological demands. 10 Hz even promotes mitochondrial replication and trafficking within the cell. 10 Hz tends to have the most profound sports performance enhancement.
It is no coincidence that pulsed magnetic fields at or around 10 Hz have produced BY FAR the best effects in dozens and dozens of published, peer reviewed studies; particularly those published by the Eastern Europeans circa 1970-1990. It should now be recognized that the phenomenal healing effects of 10 Hz are attributable to the mitochondrial response to that very particular frequency.
It is this Earth’s-pulse that is the primary reason you sleep so well on camping trips. It’s not the fresh air and exercise; it’s sleeping in touch with Mother-Earth and receiving Her vital frequency of 9.6 Hz. which is a “cross-over” frequency from alpha-rhythm down into theta-rhythm. Until recently most camping was done outside of the wireless telecommunications “grid”. Now even camping, unless you’ve got weak signal on your phone, you are well within the grid.
Sleeping close to or in contact with the ground is far better than sleeping at home several feet (or more) above it, with 50/60 Hz electric fields, and full strength radio frequency from telecommunications grid (and in-range wireless networks) permeating your bedroom and living spaces. Pretty bleak picture overall; and why you can expect your sleep to deteriorate even more with time, especially if HD TV broadcasting and large scale Wi-MAX is rolled out in your area.
Earthing or Earth-tethering systems attempt to address this problem and it is admittedly better than nothing. But for about the same price you can get an Earthing system on steroids….the Sleep on Command™ sleep, longevity and recovery system.
EMP is foreign to the body and up until the 1980’s, AC power frequency (50-60 Hz depending upon your geographic location) and weak TV and radio station broadcasts was all that broadly existed; the body tolerated it fairly well.
However, EMP broke the tolerance threshold and detrimentally arrived on the scene with the arrival of home wireless telephones during the 80’s (usually everyone had an extension in their bedroom next to their bed), then cellular phone networks arrived in the 90’s and cellular now propagates within every urban area in the world with denser and denser layers of information. As stated above, since the cellular telephone roll-out, sleep quality has suffered. Each year as cellular becomes more dense, sleep quality will diminish along with it.
Wireless computer networks permeate our work and school (and in many cases our bedrooms) and with the combination of cellular and wireless networks, our species has reached the tipping point. We are now finding it difficult or impossible to quiet our mind at night and get a good nights sleep. Children diagnosed with ADD/ADHD are known to be poor sleepers.
Forget about what RF does to your sleep for the moment and lets consider species survival. Bee colony collapse disorder and sparrow population decrease is the proverbial canary in the coal mine so far as RF is concerned.
So is the marked deterioration of sleep quality in adolescent and infantile sleep quality (National Sleep Foundation / Pampers® survey completed in November ’05 found that even babies and toddlers under 5 y.o. aren’t sleeping nearly as well as they did 2 decades ago). Factor in the increased rate of ADHD and the STEEP increase in autism seen in the chart at right. Notice after a relatively stable 1-4 cases per 10,000 throughout history until 1980, the incidence curve turns straight up just about when the first cellular phone networks opened for business. The “official” incidence of autism is now 1:100, but based on the chart above it was 1:75 10 years ago and that chart-line is awfully steep.
It wouldn’t surprise us they “cooked” the official number (like Wall Street) and that it is actually higher than 1:100. Here’s the only study done on RF and Autism (back in 2003! when autism was 1 in 500). I’d bet my there are 5 times more cell phone masts or more since 2003.
It’s getting worse and worse every day. Remember there’s lag time with cancer, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and the myriad of modern neurological maladies, which means we’re seeing cancer rates today that started 5 years ago or more.
A reasonable person could argue steeply increased cancer incidence from 1:100 in the 1960’s to 1:3 males and 1:4 females coincides well with the technological “advancements” in telecommunications. So as with ADD / ADHD, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and the myriad of modern neurological maladies. It is clear all around you. Its not just financial stress driving the average person “crazy”. I’ll be covering each of these issues and more in my newsletter which you can signup for on this website.
If you don’t protect yourself you “simply” aren’t being very intelligent. EarthPulse Sleep on Command™ is the most potent form of EMF protection on the planet and helps your body cope during the day with naturally produced, higher levels of healthy energy. Even if you sleep great and aren’t interested in enhancing physical or mental performance levels, protect yourself at the subcellular level with EarthPulse™.
With our rebate plan and 90 day guarantee, EarthPulse won’t cost you a thing whether or not it works. When it works (94% statistical probability) its PRICELESS. It’s the best “bet” on planet Earth.
There are very simply, NO safe levels of radiofrequency (RF)
There are NO safe levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields above the frequency of 15 Hz due to their negative effect upon the neurological system. Dozens of peer reviewed research studies (see frequency specific animal studies) showed animals exposed chronically to frequencies above 15 Hz resulted in detrimental behavioral changes and above 20 Hz stress hormone production. Once nearing power frequency transmission at 50/60 Hz the mitochondria become severely debilitated and cancer likely results over time. Watch this video start to finish and you’ll recognize just how bad the threat of radiofrequency (RF) is to your health.
The neurological system is the most sensitive antenna ever devised, and the mitochondria inside every cell of the body including the neurological system may be more sensitive than that. Professor Photios Anninos discovered he could beneficially affect Epilepsy and Parkinson’s patients with fields in the PicoTesla range. All you have to know about PicoTesla is that it’s about 500 times weaker than Earth’s natural magnetic signal. The key here is that Anninos uses a frequency in the 7 Hz – 10 Hz range. Dr. Reuven Sandyk re-proved Anninos discovery through 90+ peer-reviewed studies using 8 Hz frequency in the same PicoTesla range.
RF not only impairs the cells’ mitochondria destroying your power generation system, it acutely impairs brain’s ability to reach deep, Delta-rhythm sleep where cellular repair occurs most efficiently. It upsets the natural resonation (think of it as de-tuning an engine) of the mitochondria, debilitating the cellular energy pool so even when you do finally get to sleep, the energy “pooling” is minimized.
Under this condition the body lacks sufficient energy required for repair, regeneration, immune function and hormone synthesis. So, you are not only sleeping poorly and suffering from lack of sleep, you are also de-tuning the cellular power-plants and your body deteriorates allowing any number of disease states to take over the cells.
I propose that all disease is related to mitochondria dysfunction due to insufficient daily repair. Trauma repair is directly related to mitochondrial energy production and over 5 decades in dozens of studies, the 10 Hz clinically applied stimulation studies provided the very-best results in all.
Some background on natural EEG rhythms.
Beta frequencies lie above 12 Hz and when you are in active thought process with no stress you’re brain-wave signature is predominated by 12 – 14 Hz low-Beta-rhythm. Beta frequencies, 12 to 14 Hz, are normal predominant rhythms that occur during concentration. Frequencies above lower-mid-Beta occur when agitated or fearful. If you are in fight-or-flight, then you are in the mid to high-Beta-rhythm brain state.
The mid to high Beta-rhythm brain state is required for human survival and has some physiological benefits, but excessive exposure to these higher brain frequencies (at the expense of frequencies at 14 Hz and below) is not healthy, and cumulatively cause stress related health effects including poor sleep and increased production of stress hormones.
If you are stuck in a mid to high-Beta brain state then you cannot sleep and you cannot heal or maintain hormonal homeostasis (cortisol levels soar). To maintain robust health, quality of life, bolster immunity and have a positive outlook on life, then deep sleep and avoidance of mid-high Beta-rhythm states are mandatory.
Alpha frequencies lie between 8 and 12 Hz and predominate when you are relaxed, calm, and in a meditative state. Theta frequencies lie between 4 and 8 Hz and predominate during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Theta can predominate when in awakened states under certain circumstances. Some say one experiences dream-like mental imagery and creativity during Theta-rhythm predominance.
States of deep sleep are called Delta-rhythm and lie below 4 Hz. There are strong relationships between hormonal response, healing, and immunity when Delta-rhythm predominates during deep sleep. This is also when energy demand for supporting the body is at its lowest. Heartbeat slows, breathing slows, brain activity is minimal; therefore Delta-rhythm sleep is the only time body can concentrate most of its energy production on its physiological and neurological recovery and maintenance activities.
Notice in the graph above that the most dominant Schumann waves lie under 14 Hz which correlate with low-Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta brain states -or- active thought process, calm, relaxed, light and then deep sleep respectively. Notice too that amplitude (signal strength) in Delta-Theta is greater than the Alpha-Beta in each of the Schumann charts shown or linked to. This is not coincidental correlation; it is the way nature keeps us psychologically and physiologically in balance and able to shut our brains down at night, while remaining relatively stress free and focused during the day.
Entrainment occurs when our mind-body state locks into the rhythm of an external oscillator (like the EarthPulse). The external oscillator is either undesirable EMP (causing stress and poor sleep) or the beneficial Schumann and geomagnetic field frequencies (which are simply too weak for the body/brain to “hear” through the EMP.
Normally the brain structure called the thalamus controls our brain waves. Either Schumann resonances and geomagnetic fields or EMP are ‘picked up’ by magnetite-bearing brain tissues in the thalamus and particularly the pineal gland (responsible for melatoninproduction our most important anti-oxidant due to its ability to pass the blood-brain barrier – its ability to protect DNA in body and brain – and its affect on the circadian-rhythm). During these intervals ENTRAINMENT occurs, the brain’s pacemaker is external: either the Schumann resonances & geomagnetic field (beneficial) or (detrimental) RF and power frequency electric fields. Unfortunately unless outside the grid, the later is the rule.
We were meant to be relaxed and meditative with natural-magnetic-fields being the pacer; but increasingly we are not because these natural fields have been lost beneath the higher amplitude of man made high frequency fields.
In November 2006 researchers at the U of Wisconsin described a method of using 1 Hz (Delta rhythm) transcranial magnetic stimulation to trigger slow way sleep. Earlier the same month the University of Lubeck, Germany reported that 1 Hz transcranial electric stimulation resulted in deeper sleep and improved memory consolidation. In contrast, a study published in -’08 January- through the prestigious Karolinska Institute and Wayne State University showed cell phone radiation delayed Delta -slow wave- sleep onset. Nighttime EEG recording of subjects exposed to externally applied Delta rhythm signals show enhanced slow wave sleep throughout the night.
In contrast to our somnogram, the U of WI tested effects of magnetic fields hundreds, if not thousands of times more powerful than ours. Their study had to be shut down because of overheating of the magnetic coil due to the prolonged activation of it.
In several thousand clients we’ve proven EarthPulse promotes sleep with a very weak, near earth-amplitude signal typically generated from under their mattress during the nighttime which overshadows nearly if not all of the RF and power frequency fields.
“I have used the EarthPulse pulsed-magnetic sleep-machine to help with my sleep problems and have found it to be remarkably effective in not only creating a more satisfactory nighttime sleep regimen but also improving my daytime alertness. At age 81 one expects some physiologic sleep disturbances mainly in the depth of sleep and also involving more frequent awakenings. This technology restored my sleep pattern to much of its earlier characteristics. I also noted having delightful dreams and having the ability to remember them on awakening. No doubt light sleep was also enhanced. I have used it on several other subjects as well with similar results.”
Ron Lawrence, MD, PhD Neurologist ~
“I highly recommend this product. It has solved my problem of waking several times per night.”
Dr. Steven Sinatra, Cardiologist-Editor Heart, Health & Nutrition
“One formerly sleep-deprived editor has now stopped counting sheep and is eternally grateful for the Z’s.”
Alternative Medicine Magazine Sept, 2005 pg.121
“You have certainly come up with something that helps me sleep.”
Dr. Robert O. Becker, the Father of Electromedicine
“Nearly all psychological, neurological and physiological disease including aging, is the end result of mitochondrial dysfunction; and NOT the other way around. Since RF has been repeatedly shown to cause mitochondrial distress, I believe it to be the most potentially devastating element of modern life. More so than toxic chemicals, more so than genetically modified foods, more so than drugs and alcohol; because they can be avoided and radiofrequency simply cannot.”
Paul F. Becker, Esq.~ EarthPulse Developer
So, how do we “re-tune” ourselves to restore our depleted mental and physical energies? Just as vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids from food are essential biochemical compounds required for healthy survival, so also do our mitochondria require geomagnetic vitamins supplied by the Earth’s geomagnetic AND Ionospheric (Schumann) fields. Think of these “geomagnetic vitamins” as a tuning fork that help achieve and maintain optimum efficiency during aerobic and or anaerobic metabolism. These geomagnetic vitamins are partially if not fully blocked out by EMP in much the same way as the flute solo is drowned out in the example above.
Our neurological system is made up of miles of neuronal tissues. They act like antennae picking up the entire spectrum of magnetic fields. We were designed to be specifically tuned to Schumann and Earth resonances and we have become slowly (unnoticeable) crippled in the presence of higher frequency electropollution.
The analogy of the frog in a pot of heating water (that could easily jump out) but because the water is being heated slowly, it stays in the water until it’s too late. Or, recharging a dead battery with the wrong type and strength of electricity. If there is a short circuit or the input amperage is too high or too low, or the frequency, or current type (AC vs. DC) is wrong, the entire system breaks down catastrophically.
Much like the battery example above, higher frequency man-made EMP essentially robs our cells’ natural ability to generate and stockpile adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the fuel that fires all cellular processes. The body’s control and power generation mechanisms subsequently fail in unison. On the other hand, feed the body with the correct frequency(s) and miraculous things can happen to sleep, strength, stamina and healing.
EarthPulse Sleep on Command produces a spectrum of these geomagnetic vitamins from very low-Delta to very low-Beta wave frequencies with special attention paid to the mitochondrial 10 Hz frequency requirements. Once the hockey puck sized electromagnet is placed between the mattress and box spring, you get an 8 hour ‘dose’ of your geomagnetic vitamins. The sweep back up to Low-Beta in the morning even helps in waking-up.
What you can expect is;
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See also; the Radiation Poisoning of America article (Oct. ’07); long but a good read; an ’08 January study about how cell phone radiation delays Delta -slow wave- sleep onset from the prestigious Karolinska Institute. This new link is one of the most complete articles I’ve seen on man-made EMF and came out recently. Here’s a very informative BBC television program about WiFi.
EarthPulse Sleep on Command is not intended to be recommended as a drug or as a diagnosis for any illness or disease condition; nor as a product to eliminate disease or other medical conditions. The information herein has not been evaluated by U.S. Food and Drug Administration or by any governmental health agency. Magnetic Therapy Bahamas, Ltd.. makes no medical claims as to benefit of our device and methods. Video testimonials/case studies or information found and opinions expressed here or on our web site are never to be construed as medical advice (just good common sense). EarthPulse is strictly a performance enhancement tool that is guaranteed to substantially improve sleep and daytime performance whether you are young and athletic or elderly and in failing health; or money back.
]]>Future Tech Today Inc. BioMagnetic Supplementation is modeled after Eastern Europe’s most effective and well tested frequencies and wave-forms, in a very adaptable system that is primarily designed for nighttime use. If it doesn’t exceed your expectations for any purpose, just return it for a full refund (less your shipping charges).
Check our recent additions to our bibliography list; PEMF Fibromyalgia Pain Bibliography and PEMF Migraine Bibliography
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>If you’ve got fibromyalgia pain or migraine headaches, PEMF is the answer to your prayers and we have rarely seen it fail. We discoverd effect of PEMF on fibromyalgia pain and stiffness in 2001.
Magnet therapy using permanent magnets has been used in pain management for centuries, particularly in Asia. Magnetic therapy using static-field magnets has been proven more effective than placebo, with most successful peer reviewed static-magnetic field studies being performed in Asia.
Use of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) for pain management has proven over 3 decades to be far more effective and work much faster than the use of static-magnet therapy. Frequency specificity in pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is currently being investigated in the West after Eastern European research found particular frequencies useful more than 3 decades ago.
The use of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy is relatively new protocol for pain in the West, but over the last 3 decades has proven to be side-effect free and at least somewhat effective based upon the following studies which rarely utilize the most effective protocols. Rarely do peer-reviewed PEMF studies prove less effective than placebo;…when they do, frequency, amplitude and wave-form shape are questionable.
Future Tech Today Inc. on the other hand is modeled after Eastern European’s most effective and well tested frequencies and wave-forms, in a very adaptable system that is primarily designed for nighttime use. If it doesn’t exceed your expectations (for any purpose), just return it for a full refund (less shipping charges).
If you’ve got fibromyalgia pain (or migraine headaches), PEMF is the answer to your prayers and we have never seen it fail. Fibromyalgia and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has not been well researched in the peer-reviewed journals so you will only find a few references that infer potential treatment protocols. Another failure by the medical maistream to pay attention.
See also PEMF Fibromyalgia Pain Bibliography and PEMF Migraine Bibliography
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>These studies prove many non-invasive, pulsed electromagnetic field therapies provide beneficial effects while significantly improving symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. These effects are ATP related more than likely. Raise ATP in brain and endocrine tissue and significant beneficial effects are likely. Continue stimulation daily / nightly indefinitely, and long lasting benefit is likely.
Unlike electroconvolsive therapy (ECT), these types of therapy lack detrimental side effects, expected or unexpected adverse reactions. Readers beware… a review of the literature for this update (March 2011) finds more and more red-herring studies at 1 Hz which we have repeatedly stated during past 9 years are generally shown to be ineffective. Properly designed studies of frequency and duration rarely fail.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations that are contained in our research bibliographies are linked directly toPubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc.
]]>When reviewing the research bibliography below, keep in mind that the studies use a wide range of pulsed electromagnetic frequencies.
Therefore, It is VERY IMPORTANT to differentiate between effects of frequencies below 15 Hz (low Beta-rhythm brainwave state = FOCUSED – NO STRESS) and those above 15 Hz ( mid Beta-Rhythm brainwave state or higher) resulting in negative behavioral modification and stress chemical synthesis. You’ll see the pattern form as you read down the page.
Nearly every therapeutic PEMF system has all or most programs above the 15 Hz threshold which we feel is a huge mistake. Although PEMF studies show enhanced rates of healing at a wide range of frequencies, the “sweet” spot for physiological healing is 10 Hz, plain and simple as proven by the Eastern European researchers in the 1970’s and 1980’s. NASA/Goodwin confirmed in 2003. Further studies on the mitochondria find beneficial effects at 10 Hz as well while mitochondria subject to power frequency have less than robust survival rates when insulted by hypoxic shock (no oxygen). Based upon historical data, we believe it makes no sense whatsoever to use higher frequencies for ANY therapeutic purpose while limiting exposure to higher-frequency EMF from all sources.
1: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Nov-Dec;40(6):693-5.
[Influence of electromagnetic fields on the emotional behaviour of rats]
[Article in Russian]
Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Bliskovka GI, Akoev IG.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region, 142290 Russia. tsemenova@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su
The effects of ultra low power pulse-width + modulation electromagnetic
radiation (EMR, power density 10 mc/Wt/cm2, carrying frequency 915 MHz,
modulating pulses with frequency 4, 6, 16 and 20 Hz, duration 10 min) on the rat
emotional behavior and motor activity in the elevated plus-maze were studied. It
was established that EMR (frequency of modulation 4 and 6 Hz) significantly
decreased the emotionally negative reactions of anxiety and fear by a factor of
3.7 (p < 0.01) and 4.5 (p < 0.01) correspondingly and increased by a factor of
1.9-2.2 (p < 0.05) exploratory activity. On the contrary EMR (frequency of
modulation 20 Hz) significantly increased by a factor of (p < 0.05) emotionally
negative reactions of anxiety and fear and decreased by a factor of 1.8 (p <
0.05) the exploratory activity in rats.
PMID: 11155339 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
[Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.
Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the “open-field” test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.
1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links
[Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF]
[Article in Russian]
Tamasidze A G .
The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of “open field”. Comparison of behavior of rats in the “open field” has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system.
1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
[Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.
Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the “open-field” test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.
2: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Jul-Aug;40(4):429-32.
1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links
[Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF]
[Article in Russian]
Tamasidze A G .
The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of “open field”. Comparison of behavior of rats in the “open field” has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system.
[The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the monoamine oxidase A activity in
the rat brain]
[Article in Russian]
Dolgacheva LP, Semenova TP, Abzhalelov BB, Akoev IG.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
oblast, Russia. dolgacheva@hotmail.com
The effect of the ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (EMR,
power density 10 microW/cm2; carrying frequency 915 MHz; modulating pulses with
frequency 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 20 Hz) on activity of monoamine oxidase
(MAO-A), enzyme involved in the oxidative deamination of monoamines, was
investigated. It was established that the increase of activity MAO in
hypothalamus reached the maximal meaning at modulation frequency of 6 Hz that
corresponded 160% (p < 0.01) of the control level; and at modulation frequency
of 20 Hz the decrease of enzyme activity up to 74% (p < 0.01) was found. Mainly
the action of ultralow power pulse-modulated EMR on activity of MAO in hippocamp
was activating; and the maximal increase of enzyme activity up to 174% (p <
0.01) was registered at modulation frequency of 4 Hz.
PMID: 11031490 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
[Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.
Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the “open-field” test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.
3: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):686-93.
Action of modulated electromagnetic fields on the emotional component of the
systems organization of behavioral acts in rats.
Sudakov KV.
P. K. Anokhin Science Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy
of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
This article reviews experimental data providing evidence on the effects of
modulated electromagnetic fields of 30-120 V/m with a carrier frequency of 30
MHz modulated sinusoidally at frequencies of 2-50 Hz on the emotional responses
accompanying various stages in the systems organization of behavior in rats. The
blocking effects of fields were demonstrated in self-stimulation models in
different types of conditioned reflex behavior, as well as during extinction of
conditioned reflex responses in individual conditions and emotional intercourse.
It is suggested that modulated electromagnetic fields which have information
effects on the body act on the information component of behavior, i.e., emotion.
PMID: 9850964 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 May-Jun;51(3):373-7.
[Modulation by ultralow intensity electromagnetic fields on pharmacologic
effects of psychotropic drugs]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Bazian AS, Shikhov SN, Cherniakov GM, Uzbekov MG.
National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Institute
of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Research Institute of Psychiatry, Russian Ministry of Public Health, Moscow.
The ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200, modulated
by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density of 15
microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) potentiated the
hypnogenic effect of hexenal. The exposure to the EMF shortened the time of
falling asleep induced by this drug and increased sleep duration in rats. The
exposure to the EMF also potentiated haloperidol catalepsy: it decreased the
drug threshold dose and increased the catalepsy duration. The EMF influence on
the haloperidol effects was of a prolonged character: it was manifest in a
selected suppression of the emotional excitation in the open-field test within
24 hours after the exposure.
PMID: 11550647 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(4):287-97.
Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to magnetic fields in rats.
Trzeciak HI, Grzesik J, Bortel M, Kuska R, Duda D, Michnik J, Malecki A.
Department of Pharmacology, Silesian Academy of Medicine, Katowice, Poland.
Male rats and pregnant and nonpregnant female rats of the Wistar strain were
sham-exposed or exposed to static (0.49 T) or to extremely low frequency (50 Hz)
magnetic fields (0.018 T) 2 h per day for 20 consecutive days. Measures of
irritability, exploratory activity, and locomotion were made in that order
before and after the 4th, 10th, and 17th 2-h exposures. A reliable decrease in
the irritability of rats after repeated exposure to a static or undulating field
was found. No significant effects of treatment conditions on open-field behavior
and locomotor activity were observed. Pregnancy had no influence on the
behavioral end points. These results indicate that irritability of rats may be
used as a simple behavioral indicant of mammalian sensitivity to magnetic
fields.
PMID: 8216385 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):867-77.
[The neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow.
The effects of the ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of
4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of
20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to
4.5 mJ/kg) on the reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats with
different types of behavior were studied. Some neurochemical and behavioral
mechanisms of rats’ reactions were investigated. It was shown that the EMF
produce pronounced changes in the state and activity of monoaminergic brain
systems. These changes, on the whole, correspond to the alterations at the
integrative level (predominantly, of the inhibitory character).
PMID: 11085002 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1997;31(5):70-5.
[Combined effect of hypokinesia of various duration and gamma-radiation on
central nervous system activity in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS.
State Research Center “Institute of Medical Biological Problems”, RF.
There studied the effects of a combined effect of hypokinesia (HK) of various
duration (7 and 30 days, corresponding to the stages of anxiety and resistance
of general adaptation syndrome) and gamma-radiation dose of 3 Gy on the
formation of differentiated motor-drinking conditioned reflex (CR) in the rats.
It is demonstrated that the applied exposures lead to the various disorders of
the higher nervous activity of the test animals: after 7-day hypokinesia in the
behaviour there prevail the fear and emotional-vegetative components whereas
following 30-day hypokinetic exposure there occurs some stimulation of the
orientation-exploratory behaviour with concurrent enhancement of the inertness
of nervous processes and the tendency to formation of stringent behavioural
stereotypes slowing-down the conditioned reflex formation. A modifying effect of
radiation counts only after 30-day hypokinesia and consists in the development
of extra-limited inhibition (reaction of acquired helplessness) in the part of
animals.
PMID: 9508401 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1999;41(3):75-80.
Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on behavioral activity of rats.
Kemerov S, Marinkev M, Getova D.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Higher Medical Institute,
Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
The present study aimed at comparative assessment of the changes in behavioral
activity of rats after exposing them to low intensity electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) in the meter, decimeter and centimeter ranges. The experiments were
carried out on 24 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (1 control and 3
experimental), treated with different EMFs. The rats were irradiated on the head
area at power density of 10 mW/cm2. Using a conventional shuttle box, the
conditioned and non-conditioned responses and spontaneous motor activity of the
rats were studied. The results suggest that exposure to EMFs in the three ranges
can slow down the formation of conditioned responses–this was clearly marked in
the rats exposed to meter EMFs, whereas the effects of centimeter EMFs were
delayed in time. The behavioral effects were mild at athermal dosages and the
animals adapted easily to exposure conditions. This study shows that
determination of the effects of different EMFs should be done for each of the
ranges separately; determination of the exact dosage of the electromagnetic
fields can help to avoid their negative biological effects.
PMID: 10658372 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.
[Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the
animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the
ultralow intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow,
Russia.
Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and
rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic
fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic
signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body
absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the
locomotor and exploratory activity in the “open-field” test. The species- and
age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However,
decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect.
Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes,
i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic
system.
PMID: 10984915 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Gig Sanit. 1987 Jul;(7):26-9.
[Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the 17-cm range based on
research data on behavioral reactions]
[Article in Russian]
Dumanskii IuD, Zotov SV.
PMID: 3666487 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Radiobiologiia. 1990 May-Jun;30(3):395-9.
[The effect of an SHF field on the dopamine-dependent behavior of rats]
[Article in Russian]
Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF.
A study was made of the influence of SHF radiation (8 mW/cm2, carrier frequency
0.88 Hz, modulation frequency 16 Hz) on rotation of rats induced by apomorphine.
A single exposure within an hour was shown to inhibit apomorphine-induced
rotation by 21%. Daily one-hour exposure within 5 days caused a more pronounced
inhibition of test-response. Different individual sensitivity to SHF radiation
was noted.
PMID: 2371398 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Sep;20(6):378-86.
Influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on rat behavior.
Zhadin MN, Deryugina ON, Pisachenko TM.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Moscow Region, Russia. zhadin@online.stack.net
The action of combined parallel static (DC) and alternating (AC) magnetic fields
at the cyclotron frequencies for different biologically active ions,
specifically, calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and lithium, on
rat behavior in the “open field” were investigated. It was shown that the DC and
AC fields at the calcium cyclotron frequency lower the locomotor and exploratory
activity of the rats, whereas action of the fields at the magnesium cyclotron
frequency enhances these forms of behavioral activity. The effects were
qualitatively alike at the weak (50 microT) and relatively strong (500 microT)
DC fields with proportional changes in the frequencies and amplitudes of the AC
fields. Statistically significant effects of cyclotron frequencies for other
ions studied were not observed. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 10453066 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1993 Nov-Dec;33(6):783-9.
[Radiation-induced changes of circadian dynamics in the behavioral reactions of
rats in the “open field”]
[Article in Russian]
Davydova OE.
The interaction of daily motor activity rythm within daily changes of early
transient neurological disorders (ENTD) symptoms has been evaluated. The highest
frequency of five ENTD symptoms was mainly observed in that daily periods when
behavior reactions were minimal. A difference was distinguished in circadian
radiosensitivity of some behavior reactions in “open field” (gamma-irradiation
60Co, 62.5 Gy). The most radiosensitive ENTD symptoms were “vertical set”,
“immobility” and “motion on the spot”, characterized emotional state and
orienting-locomotor animal reactions. Certain changes of orto- and paraphases of
these behavior reactions biorythms due to irradiation have been revealed.
PMID: 8293103 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Radiat Res. 1995 Jul;143(1):93-7.
Lack of behavioral effects in non-human primates after exposure to ultrawideband
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range.
Sherry CJ, Blick DW, Walters TJ, Brown GC, Murphy MR.
Systems Research Laboratories, Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas 78235, USA.
The effect of acute exposure to ultrawideband (UWB) electromagnetic radiation on
the Primate Equilibrium Platform (PEP) task, where the monkey’s task is to
manipulate a joystick control to compensate for the random perturbations in the
pitch plane that are generated by a computer at unpredictable intervals, was
examined. The duration of the UWB exposure was 2 min at a pulse repetition rate
of 60 Hz (total of 7200 pulses). The bandwidth of the pulse was 100 MHz to 1.5
GHz (peak power between 250-500 MHz) with a peak E-field strength of 250 kV/m.
Each monkey was exposed twice. The interval between exposures was 6 days. The
exposure to UWB electromagnetic radiation had no effect on PEP performance when
tested immediately after exposure.
PMID: 7597150 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1995 Apr;81(4):21-31.
[The physiological mechanisms of the regulation of zoosocial behavior in rats
exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Sidiakin VG, Stashkov AM, Ianova NP, Chemodanova MA, Shumilina KA, Kirillova AV.
The infraslow frequency electromagnetic fields were shown to affect social
activity in rats: the changes induced by territorial priority and isolation were
eliminated, an interaction between the motor activity and the social status
appeared. The monoaminergic system of the rat brain seems to take part in
physiological mechanisms of regulation of the zoosocial behaviour according to
changes in ambient conditions.
PMID: 7581573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995 Nov;210(2):171-9.
Effects of prenatal ultrasound exposure on adult offspring behavior in the
Wistar rat.
Jensh RP, Lewin PA, Poczobutt MT, Goldberg BB, Oler J, Goldman M, Brent RL.
Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
An ultrasound exposure tank was specifically designed for experimental
bioeffects studies. Thirty-six pregnant rats were anesthetized, immersed to the
axilla in a water tank, and exposed on Day 15, 17, and 19 of gestation. Twelve
rats were exposed to 5.0 MHz pulsed ultrasound of effective pulse duration equal
to approximately 0.170 microseconds, pulse repetition rate (PRF) 1 kHz, and a
spatial peak, temporal peak intensity (lsptp) of 500 W/cm2, representing a
clinically appropriate exposure level. The spatial peak pulse average (lsppa),
spatial peak temporal average (lspta), and instantaneous maximum (lm)
intensities were determined to be 100 W/cm2, 24 mW/cm2, and 230 W/cm2,
respectively. The maximum rarefraction pressure, pr, was measured as 12.5 x
10(5) Pa, and the total power was 2.5 mW. Twelve other rats were exposed to 1500
W/cm2, lsptp, and 12 were sham insonified. Since the focal area was about 0.05
cm2, computer controlled stepper motors moved the rats through the ultrasound
field to ensure uniform exposure of the abdominal/pelvic region. Total exposure
time was 35 min. A miniature thermocouple was implanted in a few rats to verify
that no significant temperature increase took place due to exposure. A total of
278 offspring were maintained until postnatal Day 60 when they were subjected to
two of four behavioral tests in random order within sexes. The results indicate
no consistently observed dose-related alterations in adult behavior due to
prenatal fetal exposure to 5.0 MHz ultrasound below an intensity (lsptp) of 1500
W/cm2.
PMID: 7568288 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
17: Biofizika. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):71-7.
[Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely
high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.
The dynamics of leukocyte number and functional activity of peripheral blood
neutrophils under whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity
extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR, 42.0 GHz, 0.15
mW/cm2, 20 min daily) was studied. It was shown that the phagocytic activity of
peripheral blood neutrophils was suppressed by about 50% (p < 0.01 as compared
with the sham-exposed control) in 2-3 h after the single exposure to EHF EMR.
The effect persisted for 1 day after the exposure, and then the phagocytic
activity of neutrophils returned to the norm within 3 days. A significant
modification of the leukocyte blood profile in mice exposed to EHF EMR for 5
days was observed after the cessation of exposures: the number of leukocytes
increased by 44% (p < 0.05 as compared with sham-exposed animals), mostly due to
an increase in the lymphocyte content. The supposition was made that EHF EMR
effects can be mediated via the metabolic systems of arachidonic acid and the
stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, with subsequent increase in the
intracellular cAMP level. The results indicated that the whole-body exposure of
healthy mice to low-intensity EHF EMR has a profound effect on the indices of
nonspecific immunity.
PMID: 11855293 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Vrach Delo. 1991 Mar;(3):49-51.
[The biological activity of a decameter-range electromagnetic field with a
frequency of 24 MHz]
[Article in Russian]
Bezdol’naia IS, Dumanskii IuD, Smolia AL.
A study of behavioural reactions indicates that the effect of 24 MHz frequencies
of the electromagnetic field results in changes of the ratio of excitatory and
inhibitory processes in the nervous system of white rats with prevalence of
inhibitory processes. By the 90-th day of effect of the above factor all changes
returned to the initial level. This indicates stability of the adaptative
reactions of the integrative level of the nervous system to the acting factor.
PMID: 2042349 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Gig Sanit. 1991 May;(5):28-30.
[Late sequelae of the effect of electromagnetic field on animals]
[Article in Russian]
Gromyko NM, Krivodaeva OL, Zemskova VV.
Simple and complex forms of behaviour, gas composition and acid-alkaline blood
status in rats following exposure to the electro-static field (ESF) and
iraionization, as well as in their offspring were studied. It has been found
out, that ESF combined with the negative polarity air ionization damage motor
and sex activity, conditioned-reflectory activity, changes blood indices. The
observed disturbances in the organism of parent animals influenced fetus
development.
PMID: 1916334 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1979 Jan-Feb;51(1):14-7.
[Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of
transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats]
[Article in Russian]
Faitel-berg-Blank VR, Lekhan IG.
The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on
the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of
69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine
aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is
established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30
MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small
intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves
induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small
intestine and serum.
PMID: 425131 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Dec;64(4):731-8.
Factor analysis shows that female rat behaviour is characterized primarily by
activity, male rats are driven by sex and anxiety.
Fernandes C, Gonzalez MI, Wilson CA, File SE.
Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Neuroscience Research Centre, GKT School of
Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK.
This experiment explored sex differences in behaviour using factor analysis to
describe the relationship between different behavioral variables. A principal
component solution with an orthogonal rotation of the factor matrix was used,
ensuring that the extracted factors are independent of one another, and thus
reflect separate processes. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, in male
rats factor 1 accounted for 75% of the variance and reflected anxiety, factor 2
represented activity, and accounted for 24% of the variance. This contrasted
with the finding in female rats in which factor 1 was activity, accounting for
57% of the variance, with the anxiety factor accounting for only 34% of the
variance. When behaviour in both the plus-maze and holeboard were analysed, a
similar sex difference was found with anxiety emerging as factor 1 in males and
holeboard activity as factor 1 in females. Locomotor activity in the inner
portion of the holeboard loaded on the anxiety factor for males, but on activity
for females. When behaviours in the plus-maze and sexual orientation tests were
analysed, anxiety emerged as factor 1 in males, sexual preferences factor 2, and
activity factor 3. In females, activity was factor 1, sexual preference factor
2, anxiety factor 3, and social interest factor 4. These results suggest caution
should be exercised in interpreting the results from female rats in tests
validated on males because the primary controlling factor may be different.
PMID: 10593196 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1997 Sep;83(9):12-21.
[The action of a modulated electromagnetic field on the emotional component of
the systemic organization of behavioral acts in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Sudakov KV.
Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., Moscow, Russia.
Experimental findings are reviewed in respect to the effect of modulated
electromagnetic field (MEMF) upon emotional responses of rats accompanying
various phases of systemic organisation of their behaviour. Blocking effects of
the MEMF are shown in simulated self-stimulation and various conditioned types
of behaviour in rats. In author’s opinion, the MEMF affect the informative
component of behaviour: emotions.
PMID: 9487063 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 Jan-Feb;43(1):75-81.
[Effects of microwave radiation on conditioned behavior of rats]
[Article in Russian]
Zhavoronkov LP, Kolganova OI, Dubovik BV, Matrenina VL, Posadskaia VM.
Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,
Obninsk, 249036 Russia.
Research has been carried out to investigate the effects of microwave exposure
(7 GHz, surface energy density 10-50 mW/cm2, SAR 2.1-10.5 W/kg) on learned
behaviors of rats in the paradigm of conditioned avoidance reflex. It was shown
that transitory reductions in conditioned behavior after acute microwave
exposure occurred at an SAR equal to the intensity of rat basal metabolism. It
was found cumulative effects for intermittent exposures of rats at a power
density of 10 mW/cm2.
PMID: 12677663 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
24: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jan-Feb;41(1):62-6.
[Effect of low intensity pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation on activity
of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum]
[Article in Russian]
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142292 Russia. Pashamar@rambler.ru
The change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro with frequencies modulation
at low intensity of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation was experimentally
shown (EMR, 2375 MHz, intensity: 0.8, 8.0; 40.0 microW/cm2; range modulation:
30-310 Hz; time of interaction: 1-3 min). Revealed effects could be regarded as
an evidence of informative character of interaction of modulated EMR.
PMID: 11253703 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Brain Res Bull. 2002 Jan 1;57(1):17-26.
Learned fear, emotional reactivity and fear of heights: a factor analytic map
from a large F(2) intercross of Roman rat strains.
Aguilar R, Gil L, Flint J, Gray JA, Dawson GR, Driscoll P, Gimenez-Llort L,
Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Tobena A.
Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School
of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
raul.aguilar@uab.es
Anxiety-related behaviours were evaluated across various tests in a 800
F(2)-intercross of the Roman high- and low-avoidance inbred rats. These tests
either evoke unlearned (open field [OF]; plus-maze [PM]; hole-board [HB];
spontaneous activity [A]; and acoustic startle reflex [ASR]) or learned
(classical fear conditioning [CFC]; and shuttlebox avoidance conditioning
[SAC]), anxious/fearful responses. Using factor analysis (oblique rotation), we
obtained a six-fold solution with 14 variables derived from all tests. These six
factors represented SAC, CFC, PM anxiety, PM and OF activity, ASR anxiety, plus
a mixed whole of anxious and activity variables (from OF and A), respectively.
In searching for a smaller number of meaningful factors, we applied a
three-factor solution that coherently corresponded with differentiated facets of
fearfulness, rather than with the tests. Results showed that (1) measures of SAC
and CFC strongly loaded onto Factor 1, labelled as “Learned Fear”; (2) a blend
of almost all variables loaded onto Factor 2, called “Emotional Reactivity”; and
(3) open arm behaviour in the PM loaded onto Factor 3, called “Fear of Heights.”
After discussing limitations of this apparently consistent behavioural map of
anxiety, we advance some connections between those factors with quantitative
trait loci candidates (genetic markers) as detected in the same sample.
PMID: 11827733 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 Jan;29(1):41-3.
[Effects of pregnant exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by electric
blankets on brain catecholamine and behavior in offspring mice]
[Article in Chinese]
Yao G, Fu Y, Lu D.
Microwave Laboratory, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou.
NIH pregnant mice were exposed to electromagnetic field emitted by electric
blankets with 1-1.2kV/m and 0.2-0.4microT for five hours daily during their
whole gestational period. Catecholamine (CA) content in the hypothalamus of
their newborn offsprings was quantitatively measured with histochemical methods,
and their varied behavioral activities were determined with behavioral
toxicological methods. Results showed catecholamine content in exposed
offsprings decreased significantly not only seven days but also 40 days after
delivery as compared with the controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).
PMID: 7600890 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 Mar-Apr;42(2):186-90.
[Dependence of microwave effect on the secondary structure of DNA on molecular
weight of polynucleotide]
[Article in Russian]
Semin IuA, Shvartsburg LK, Zhavoronkov LP.
Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Science,
Obninsk, 249036 Russia.
The effect of ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (average
power density 60 microW/cm2, carrying frequency 1.05; 2.12; or 2.39 GHz;
modulating pulses with frequency 4 Hz) on the secondary structure of DNA was
investigated. It was established that the exposure of beta-alanine and
formaldehyde containing aqueous DNA solution to electromagnetic radiation had
activated the process of DNA despiralization under the action of
beta-alanine–formaldehyde reaction product. The effect of electromagnetic
radiation on the secondary structure of DNA can be removed by lowering of
molecular weight of DNA to 0.46 x 10(6) (at carrying frequency 1.05 GHz), or to
0.25 x 10(3) (at carrying frequency 2.39 GHz).
PMID: 12004616 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;31(5):547-53.
Some neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity.
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazyan AS, Chernyakov GM.
Institute of Medical-Biological Problems, State Scientific Center of the Russian
Federation, Moscow.
The effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves (4200 MHz, modulated with
quasichaotic signals at 20-20,000 Hz, energy density 15 microW/cm2; specific
energy absorption not greater than 15 mJ/kg) on the neurochemical systems of the
brain and on behavioral reactions were studied in experimental animals with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. These studies
showed that electromagnetic waves produced marked changes in the state and
activity of the monoaminergic mediator systems which were in general terms
concordant with changes at the integrative level (mostly selective inhibitory
effects). The nature of these processes depended to a significant extent on the
typological characteristics of the animals.
PMID: 11693480 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Mutat Res. 1998 Apr;410(2):185-220.
Animal and cellular studies on carcinogenic effects of low frequency (50/60-Hz)
magnetic fields.
Loscher W, Liburdy RP.
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9637236 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1989 Jan-Feb;23(1):45-7.
[Effect of a hypogeomagnetic field on warm-blooded animals]
[Article in Russian]
Levina RV, Smirnov RV, Olimpienko TS.
This paper presents the study of the effect of a 3-month exposure of adult male
rats of the Wistar strain to the hypogeomagnetic field (the shielding factor =
172.5) on their behavior, learning ability, cardiovascular function and work
capacity. It was found that the exposure led to a significant decrease of work
capacity, endurance and behavioral activity as well as to a significant increase
of heart rate and time of conditioned reflex development. The above changes
remained within physiological limits due to which they can be viewed as
adaptation variations.
PMID: 2709751 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Life Sci. 2003 Apr 18;72(22):2489-98.
Combined effects of complex magnetic fields and agmatine for contextual fear
learning deficits in rats.
McKay BE, Persinger MA.
Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Ontario, P3E 2C6,
Sudbury, Canada. bemckay@ucalgary.ca
Acute post-training exposures to weak intensity theta-burst stimulation (TBS)
patterned complex magnetic fields attenuated the magnitude of conditioned fear
learning for contextual stimuli. A similar learning impairment was evoked in a
linear and dose-dependent manner by pre-conditioning injections of the polyamine
agmatine. The present study examined the hypothesis that whole-body applications
of the TBS complex magnetic field pattern when co-administered with systemic
agmatine treatment may combine to evoke impairments in contextual fear learning.
Within minutes of 4 mg/kg agmatine injections, male Wistar rats were fear
conditioned to contextual stimuli and immediately exposed for 30 min to the TBS
patterned complex magnetic field or to sham conditions. TBS patterned complex
magnetic field treatment was found to linearly summate with the contextual fear
learning impairment evoked by agmatine treatment alone. Furthermore, we report
for sham-treated rats, but not rats exposed to the synthetic magnetic field
pattern, that the magnitude of learned fear decreased and the amount of
variability in learning increased, as the K-index (a measure of change in
intensity of the time-varying ambient geomagnetic field) increased during the
3-hr intervals over which conditioning and testing sessions were conducted.
PMID: 12650857 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Behav Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;10(2):131-7.
Effects of GABA-transporter (GAT) inhibitors on rat behaviour in open-field and
elevated plus-maze.
Schmitt U, Hiemke C.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany.
The behavioural consequences of inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
uptake were studied. Two GABA uptake inhibitors, tiagabine and SKF 89976-A, were
administered to rats, and behaviour was analysed 30 min later in a standard open
field, an enriched open field, and an elevated plus-maze. Eight groups of
animals received either saline (0.9%), tiagabine, or SKF 89976-A. At a dose of
18.5 mg/kg, tiagabine, an established antiseizure drug, impaired motor
coordination, enhanced exploratory activity and reduced anxiety related
behaviour. SKF 89976-A exhibited minimal effects over the dose range tested.
These results indicate that inhibition of GABA uptake might be a pharmacological
strategy to treat not only epilepsy, but also anxiety disorders.
PMID: 10780826 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):403-7.
[Effect of low-intensity electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency on the
ultrastructure and proliferative activity of rat’s thymus cells]
[Article in Russian]
Zhitkevich TI, Bokut’ TB, Netukova NI.
Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, 220072 Belarus.
biblio@fizio.bas-net.by
Effects of two types of low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) of industrial
frequency (50 Hz) on the fine structure and proliferative activity of thymic
cells in white rats were studied. It was found that a weak EMF with a prevailing
electrical component (380-480 V/m, 120-140 nT1) did not affect the DNA synthesis
intensity. An EMF with a stronger magnetic induction (10-15 V/m, 800-1500 nT1)
diminished the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and proliferative
processes in cultured stimulated lymphocytes. Electron microscopic investigation
of the thymus after both types of exposure revealed an accumulation of
lymphocytes with pyknotic nuclei and electron-dense cytoplasm, as well as
hypoplasia of the vascular endothelium. At the same time, EMF with a prevailing
magnetic component produced a more marked negative effect on the ultrastructure
of thymic cells, which indicated a lowered secretory activity of epitheliocytes.
PMID: 11605242 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Jul 18;133(2):323-32.
Emotional changes related to age in rats–a behavioral analysis.
Boguszewski P, Zagrodzka J.
Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3
Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
The present study investigated age-related differences in the emotional behavior
of rats using factor analysis to identify motivational factors influencing
spontaneous behavior in open field with illuminated center (OF), plus maze (EPM)
and social interactions test. Animals of the same strain, bred under the same
conditions, formed two experimental groups: young adults (YA, N=20) tested at
the age of 4 months and old rats (OA, N=16) tested at the age of 24 months. The
computer video based tracking system EthoVision was used for automated
acquisition and analysis of data. The results of each test were analyzed
separately for YA and OA by factor analysis. Two main independent factors
emerged from the analysis of OF measures-factor 1, which appeared to reflect
motor activity, and factor 2, reflecting anxiety. The measures best reflecting
motor activity (distance moved in the peripheral zone) and anxiety (time spent
in central zone) decreased significantly with age. Factor analysis for EPM
measures revealed, in both groups, three independent factors. In YA, factor 1
reflected motor activity, factor 2-anxiety, in OA measures of anxiety loaded on
factor 1, measures of activity on factor 2. Factor 3 in both groups appeared to
represent a decision making process. The number of entries to the closed arms
declined significantly in OA, showing an age related decrease of motor activity.
Also, the ratio of open arms entries in relation to the total number of entries
decreased in OA, indicating a higher anxiety level. Three independent factors
emerged from the analysis of social interaction measures. The pattern of factor
loading was different in young and old animals, although the number and time of
social interactions did not show age-related differences. In addition to a
decrease of motor activity we conclude that old rats also differ from young
animals in emotional and social behavior.
PMID: 12110466 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995 Jun;66(6):562-7.
No detectable bioeffects following acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide
band electromagnetic radiation in rats.
Walters TJ, Mason PA, Sherry CJ, Steffen C, Merritt JH.
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Brooks AFB, TX 78235, USA.
A wide range assessment of the possible bioeffects of an acute exposure to high
peak power ultra-wide band (UWB) electromagnetic radiation was performed in
rats. The UWB-exposure consisted of 2 min of pulsed (frequency: 60 Hz, pulse
width: 5-10 ns) UWB (bandwidth: 0.25-2.50 GHz) electromagnetic radiation. Rats
were examined using one of the following: 1) a functional observational battery
(FOB); 2) a swimming performance test; 3) a complete panel of blood chemistries;
or 4) determination of the expression of the c-fos protein in
immunohistologically-stained sections of the brain. No significant differences
were found between UWB- or sham-exposed rats on any of the measured parameters.
PMID: 7646407 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Lab Anim. 1995 Oct;29(4):380-4.
Effects of gentling on open-field behaviour of Wistar rats in fear-evoking test
situation.
Hirsjarvi P, Valiaho T.
University of Kuopio, Department of Applied Zoology, Finland.
The effect of individual gentling on open-field behaviour of adult male Wistar
rats was studied. Dark open-field evoked prey-like behaviour both in the gentled
and in the nonhandled rats. Escape activity dominated in both groups although
some habituation as a function of trials occurred. The effects of gentling were
mainly seen in the quality of the fear-reaction as a result of reduced fear of
human contact. Parameters that differentiated the 2 groups were middle field
ambulation, middle field rearing and passive motionlessness.
PMID: 8558819 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1993 Apr;54(4):186-96.
Biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: in vivo
studies.
Anderson LE.
Bioelectromagnetics, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352.
This paper discusses the biological effects of exposure to extremely low
frequency electromagnetic fields observed in animal studies. Three areas of
investigation are reported: (1) studies on the nervous system, including
behavior and neuroendocrine function; (2) experiments on cancer development in
animals; and (3) measurements of currents and electric fields induced in animal
models by exposure to external magnetic fields. An attempt is made to evaluate
experimental results and interpret them with respect to potential health
implications.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8480634 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Sci Total Environ. 1996 Feb 2;180(1):35-42.
Experimental study of the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on
animals with soft tissue wounds.
Detlavs I, Dombrovska L, Turauska A, Shkirmante B, Slutskii L.
Latvian Medical Academy, National Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopaedics,
Riga.
The effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) was studied on
Wistar rats with excised full-thickness dermal wounds in the interscapular
region. The wounded regions of experimental animals were subjected to EMF for 30
min daily during the first 5 days after wound infliction. Control animals
received no treatment. We used RF EMF with (1) frequency 53.53 GHz without
modulation; (2) frequency 42.19 GHz without modulation; (3) frequency 42.19 GHz,
but with a frequency modulation band 200-MHz wide. On the 7th day the animals
were terminated and the granulation-fibrous tissue (GFT) developed in the wounds
was subjected to complex quantitative biochemical analysis. RF EMF without
frequency modulation decreased the amounts of glycoprotein macromolecules,
diminishing the inflammatory exudation. In striking contrast, under the
influence of RF EMF with frequency modulation, hexoses and especially sialic
acid concentrations were significantly elevated (P < 0.001). This indicated
intensification of exudative phenomena. As a consequence of inflammation
inhibition in the treatment without frequency modulation, the total collagen
accumulation was lowered. However, when frequency was modulated, the
inflammatory phenomena were intensified, and pronounced accumulation of
collagenous proteins was noted. Thus, our experiments confirm the effects of
non-thermal EMF on the reparative-proliferative processes of animals with soft
tissue wounds.
PMID: 8717318 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Behav Neurosci. 2001 Apr;115(2):429-36.
Dimensions of emotionality in a rat model of innate anxiety.
Ohl F, Toschi N, Wigger A, Henniger MS, Landgraf R.
Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich,
Germany. ohl@mpipsykl.mpg.de
Emotionality is thought to be multidimensional, with “anxiety” representing one
dimension. Dissecting emotional dimensions in animal models is an essential
prerequisite for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie
anxiety. The authors used factor analysis to investigate emotional dimensions in
normal rats and rats bred for either high or low anxiety-related behavior.
Hyperanxious rats were reduced in emotional dimensions in the elevated plus-maze
by selection pressure, and a modified hole board test revealed a dissection of
their emotionality with precisely defined dimensions. This enabled clear
differentiation of “anxiety” from other emotional dimensions including risk
assessment behavior and exploration. Factors extracted by analyzing data from a
multiple-test battery corresponded to particular test characteristics rather
than to emotional dimensions. The approach used might help to develop specific
treatment strategies for anxiety disorders.
PMID: 11345967 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):348-51.
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on health.
Jain SC, Tyagi K.
Centre for Environment & Explosive Safety, Metcalfe House, Delhi.
This paper gives a brief review of the physical interaction and bio-effects of
exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) along
with guidelines on limits of exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10844987 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Jun;30:115-21.
Study of nonionizing microwave radiation effects upon the central nervous system
and behavior reactions.
Shandala MG, Dumanskii UD, Rudnev MI, Ershova LK, Los IP.
The biologic effect of an electromagnetic field of a frequency of 2375 +/- 50
MHz was studied in rats and rabbits in specially constructed absorbant chambers.
The results of the investigations have shown that microwave radiation of 10, 50,
500 mu W/cm2 for 30 days, 7 hr/day, causes a number of changes in bioelectric
brain activity and also in behavioral immunological, and cytochemical reactions.
It was found that levels of 10 and 50 mu W/cm2 stimulate the electric brain
activity at the initial stage of irradiation, while a level of 500 mu W/cm2
causes its suppression, as seen from the increase of slow, high amplitude
delta-waves. At 500 mu W/cm2 a decrease in capacity of work, in value of
unconditioned feeding stimulus, in investigating activity, electronic
irradiation threshold, and in inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity were
also observed.
PMID: 446442 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):878-83.
[The dynamics of the manifestation of behavioral audiogenic seizure activity in
rats under the action of a modulated and a nonmodulated electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Konovalov VF, Serikov IS.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino.
It was shown that the electromagnetic field of low intensity modifies the evoked
epileptiform seizure activity in rats. Cumulative effect of the electromagnetic
field persisted over the course of 6 months. It was suggested that inhibition of
the increased motor activity under exposure to electromagnetic field is caused
by the involvement of dopaminergic brain systems and development of the
resonance effects in cortico-subcortical brain structures under the influence of
modulated electromagnetic fields.
PMID: 11085003 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Lik Sprava. 1995 Jul-Aug;(7-8):37-9.
[The cytogenetic action of electromagnetic fields in the short-wave range]
[Article in Russian]
Timchenko OI, Ianchevskaia NV.
Electromagnetic field (EMF) at a frequency of 24 or 14 MEGC and intensity of 400
or 200 V/m, increases numbers of hepatocytes from rats with chromosomal
aberrations 1.4-1.5-fold. The magnitude of the response does not appear to
change with the increase in the field intensity EMF at the above frequencies and
intensity of 100 V/m does not cause any cytogenetic effects. No such effects
were notable with EMF-frequency of 4 MEGC.
PMID: 8846369 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
44: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2002 Jan-Feb;21(1):90-1.
EMF cancer scares: epidemiology versus body power.
Deutsch S.
deutsch@eng.usf.edu
PMID: 11935994 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
45: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1994 Jun;80(6):50-62.
[Intersystemic functional integration under the action on the body of
electromagnetic factors]
[Article in Russian]
Vediaev FP, Samokhvalov VG.
Frequency zones of the brain electrical activity, heart rate and respiration
were studied through certain parameters characterised by individual asymmetry
and low but stable intersystemic integration. Chronic electromagnetic
irradiation reduced a resistance against an emotional stress as manifested in a
“decay” of individual spatial-temporal infrastructure of informational
parameters of the EEG, heart rate and respiration.
PMID: 7531066 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Peptides. 2001 Jul;22(7):1031-6.
Comparison of neurokinin SP with diazepam in effects on memory and fear
parameters in the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm.
Echeverry MB, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Tomaz C.
Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
The elevated T-maze was combined with a free exploration protocol, which, in
contrast to the conventional procedure, dispenses with handling of the animals
during the experimental sessions. This allows measurement of fear indexes
derived from the elevated plus-maze as well as assessment of acquisition of open
arm avoidance and open arm escape in one continuous session. Retention of the
different fear-responses is measured 72 h later without drug treatment. In order
to assess the effects of two known anxiolytics in this paradigm, rats received
an IP injection of diazepam (1 to 4 mg/kg), substance P (5 to 500 microg/kg) or
vehicle (1 ml/kg) and were tested on the T-maze for 5 min. Diazepam elevated
open arm activity, indicative of an anxiolytic effect. The drug also increased
the latency to escape from the open arms, but did not significantly affect
acquisition of open arm avoidance. During the retention trial, diazepam in
higher doses impaired the performance of both fear-responses, suggestive of an
anterograde amnesic effect. Substance P did not influence acquisition and
retention of open arm avoidance and escape. However, in high doses, the peptide
increased the sojourn time in the central arena of the maze, indicating reduced
fear and, hence, a dissociation between anxiolytic and amnesic effects. The
present findings demonstrate that the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm
is sensitive to anxiolytic and memory-modulating effects of drugs.
PMID: 11445230 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol. 1995 Sep-Dec;31(5-6):573-83.
[A comparative histochemical study of cytochrome oxidase activity in the
somatosensory and auditory brain centers in the normal rat and after exposure to
superhigh-frequency electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Krasnoshchekova EI, Rumiantseva TA, Kulikov GA.
Using histochemical method mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (CO) in acoustic and
somatosensory centers of rat brain has been studied to reveal CO activity
distribution in norm and after impulse-modulated high-ultra-high frequency
influence. After ultra-high frequency influence the increase of enzymic activity
in a number of regions of rat brain centers with relationship to processing
ecologically important sensory signals is revealed.
PMID: 8714296 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Apr;71(4):581-7.
Anxiogenic-like effect of serotonin(1B) receptor stimulation in the rat elevated
plus-maze.
Lin D, Parsons LH.
Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, Division of Psychopharmacology, The
Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA. lparsons@scripps.edu
Perturbations in serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission have
been implicated in several psychiatric illnesses including depression and
anxiety disorders. It is not yet clear, however, which of the 14 currently
identified 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain participate in the regulation of
emotional states. This study investigates a role for the 5-HT(1B) receptor
subtype in anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze paradigm in
rats. The selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist
3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-5-propoxypyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP 94,253;
1–5.6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the amount of exploration on the open
arms of the plus-maze without altering overall locomotor activity. This 5-HT(1B)
agonist-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior was dose-dependently reversed
by coadministration of the selective 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist
2′-methyl-4′-(5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-biphenyl]-amide (GR 127,935). There
was no significant effect of GR 127,935 administration alone on plus-maze
behavior. These results indicate that 5-HT(1B) receptor activation increases
anxiety-like behavioral responses as measured by the elevated plus-maze. Since
5-HT(1B) receptors modulate the activity of multiple neurotransmitter systems
that have been implicated in anxiety disorders, these findings suggest that this
receptor subtype may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment
of anxiety.
PMID: 11888549 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
49: Phytomedicine. 2000 Jun;7(3):199-203.
Agastache mexicana may produce anxiogenic-like actions in the male rat.
Molina-Hernandez M, Tellez-Alcantara P, Martinez E.
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico.
mimoli@bugs.invest.uv.mx
Behavioral effects of a water-soluble extract of Agastache mexicana, a plant
with purported anxiolytic actions, were studied in male Wistar rats. In the
elevated plus-maze test, various doses of the plant extract (3.0 mg/kg body wt.;
9.0 mg/kg body wt.; 12.0 mg/kg body wt.) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.)
decreased the exploration of open arms, showing an anxiogenic-like effect.
Agastache mexicana (12 mg/kg body wt.; i.p.) did not change immobility in the
forced swimming test (i.e., had no anti-depressant effect) but increased the
anti-immobility action of 32.0 mg/kg body wt. (i.p.) of desipramine (i.e.,
increased the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine). A. mexicana had no
effect on exploratory activity in an open field test, indicating that it had no
sedative effect at the doses used. It is concluded that effects of the water
extract of A. mexicana are more consistent with an anxiogenic-like property than
an anxiolytic-like one.
PMID: 11185730 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
50: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1999 May-Jun;(3):11-4.
[Changes in the proteinase-inhibitor system of rats with hyperlipoproteinemia
during transcerebral exposures to a 100-Hz-frequency pulse current and to an
ultrahigh-frequency field]
[Article in Russian]
Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Chabanenko SS.
Experiments on 36 male rats with experimental hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated
that transcerebral exposure to impulse current (100 Hz, 2mA) aggravates
atherogenic alterations, provokes hyperactivation of kallikrein-kinin system and
unbalance of elastase inhibitory activity in the serum and myocardium. The
latter may contribute to better vascular permeability for low-density
lipoproteins, to development of edema of vascular intima, lability of cellular
and lysosomal membranes with hydrolysis of elastine and collagen fibers of
myocardial vessels and other organs. Transcerebral exposure to electromagnetic
UHF field (40.68 MHz) is not hypolipidemic but has no negative effect on
experimental atherosclerosis, promotes normalization of kallikrein-kinin system
in the serum, activation of this system in the myocardium and cerebral cortex,
correction of destructive processes in the serum and cerebral cortex with a risk
of their development in the myocardium.
PMID: 10429563 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
51: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975 Apr;89(2):183-8.
Avoidance by rats of illumination with low power nonionizing electromagnetic
energy.
Frey AH, Feld SR.
Rats spent more time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from
illumination by 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded. In Experiment
1, rats avoided the energy when it was presented as 30-musec pulses with a pulse
repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (pps). The average power density was
about .6 mW/cm2, and the peak power density was about 200 mW/cm2. In Experiment
2, the energy was presented both continuously and in pulse-modulated form, i.e.,
.5-msec exponentially decaying pulses at a rate of 1,000 pps. The average power
density of the continuous energy was 2.4 mW/cm2, and the average power density
of the pulse-modulated energy was .2 mW/cm2. The peak power density of the
modulated energy was 2.1 mW/cm2. The rats avoided the pulsed energy, but not the
continuous energy.
PMID: 1133237 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
52: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1977 Aug;84(8):146-9.
[Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Sudakov KV, Antimonii GD.
Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting
modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50
Hz, intensity 100–120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the
conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic
state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These
behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal
cortico-subcortical relationships.
PMID: 561631 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000 Aug;130(8):746-8.
Emotional state and one-trial learning in OXYS rats with hereditarily elevated
production of oxygen radicals.
Loskutova LV, Kolosova NG.
Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Novosibirsk.
Comparative analysis of unconditioned and conditioned behavior of Wistar and
prematurely aging OXYS rats revealed that the latter have significantly reduced
locomotor and exploratory activities, increased anxiety in the elevated
plus-maze test, spatial disorientation, and abnormal associative learning. OXYS
rats can be used as a biological model for studying molecular, neurobiological,
and neurochemical mechanisms of brain aging.
PMID: 11177232 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Z Naturforsch [C]. 1994 May-Jun;49(5-6):352-8.
Resonance effect of low-intensity millimeter waves on the chromatin
conformational state of rat thymocytes.
Belyaev SYa, Kravchenko VG.
Scientific Research Center Vidguk, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Russia.
The method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) was modified for the
study of the changes in the chromatin conformational state (CCS) of rat
thymocytes of the Wistar line. The response of the thymocytes of male rats to
low-intensity millimeter waves (MMW) was examined. It was shown that MMW at
power densities (PD) of 1 microW/cm2 produced a resonance effect on the CCS in
the frequency range of 41.56-41.67 GHz. The resonance frequency of the cell
response did not vary significantly among five examined rats and was determined
to be 41.61 +/- 0.01 GHz. A halfwidth of resonances was averaged to 40 MHz. The
power dependence of the resonance effect was measured in the range of
10(-11)-10(-4) W/cm2. Statistically significant changes in CCS were registered,
starting with 10(-9) W/cm2. Right- and left-handed circularly polarized MMW were
shown to differ in efficiency at the resonance frequency. The established
regularities in the thymocyte response to low-intensity MMW was very similar to
those which have been previously found for E. coli cells.
PMID: 8060460 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
55: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):399-402.
[Effect of low-frequency pulse-modulated 460 MHz electromagnetic irradiation on
Drosophila embryos]
[Article in Russian]
Bol’shakov MA, Kniazeva IR, Lindt TA, Evdokimov EV.
Tomsk State University, 634050 Russia. physiol@bio.tsu.ru
Effect of electromagnetic radiation 460 MHz with 2.5-40 Hz pulse modulation rate
on Drosophila embryos of 15 h 10 m age was studied. It was demonstrated that a
5-min irradiation with 0.12 W/kg average SAR (3 W/kg pulsed SAR) alters the
Drosophila percentage of interrupted development. The effect strength depended
on the modulation rate with a pronounced decrease at 10 and 16 Hz. A hypothesis
about the presence of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of action of
pulse-modulated microwave radiation diversely effecting the embryos has been put
forward and grounded.
PMID: 11605241 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1993 Mar-Apr;43(2):398-406.
[The effect of different motor regimens modulating spontaneous activity on rat
behavior]
[Article in Russian]
Kulikov VP, Kiselev VI, Konev IV.
A method was developed of non-stressful modulation of spontaneous motor activity
of rats. Restraint of mobility was found to inhibit spontaneous activity.
Physiological stimulation of muscle activity by means of complication of
food-procuring behaviour was accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity.
Physiological stimulation of motor activity was characterized by stability of
orienting-exploratory behaviour, emotional reactivity, expression of “freedom
response”, the best learning and working abilities of the animals. Regimes with
imposing or restriction of muscle activity favoured the inhibition of
spontaneous activity and the decrease of efficiency of adaptive behaviour. Motor
regimes accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity were found to be optimal
for adaptive behaviour.
PMID: 8317168 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
57: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):207-9.
[The delayed effects of modulated and non-modulated electromagnetic field on
epileptiformic activity in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Konovalov VF, Serikov IS.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290
Russia.
The modifying influence of the weak electromagnetic field on the development of
the audiogenic spasmodic activity in rats was shown. The decrease of lifetime of
experimental rats exposed to electromagnetic fields with different parameters
and development of tumours (in one set of experiments) was found.
PMID: 11402555 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
58: Acta Med Austriaca. 2000;27(3):69-77.
[Electromagnetic fields–effects on health]
[Article in German]
Stepansky R, Jahn O, Windischbauer G, Zeitlhofer J.
Universitatsklinik fur Neurologie, Wien.
This literature review shows the current knowledge of health effects on humans
concerning static, low frequency electric and magnetic fields and high frequency
electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz. Basic physical knowledge and the current
thresholds are demonstrated. Different frequency ranges of electromagnetic
fields, their natural and technical origins and the different biological
effects, especially possible hazards such as cancerogenity or risks for the
brain, are discussed. Open questions and future research aspects are
demonstrated. Finally electrosensibility and psychological aspects are shown.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10897385 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
59: Life Sci. 2002 Mar 1;70(15):1751-62.
Validation of a behavioral recording automated system in the elevated plus-maze
test.
Torres C, Escarabajal MD.
Departamento de Psicologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion,
Universidad de Jaen, Spain. mctorres@ujaen.es
The elevated plus-maze test has been widely used for screening of anxiolytic
drugs and for exploring neurobiological bases of anxiety. In this study, we
validated a new automated system that enables to record exploratory behavior in
the elevated plus-maze test. This system, called cyberplus, consisted of ten
pairs of photoelectric cells strategically located in several parts of the
apparatus, and seemed to be sensitive to the position of the animal’s forepaws,
so it would yield scores in anxiety measurements and locomotor activity similar
to those obtained by following the traditional procedure, that is, by analyzing
videotapes by experienced observers. In order to assess this hypothesis, we
exposed rats to the elevated plus-maze test and compared the scores obtained by
cyberplus with the values recorded by two independent observers, conducting a
correlational study with both kinds of recording procedures. The results
obtained suggest the utility of cyberplus as a behavioral recording automated
system in the elevated plus-maze test, making data collection and data analysis
easier in exploring pharmacological and neurobiological bases of anxiety.
Publication Types:
Validation Studies
PMID: 12002520 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
60: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2002 Nov-Dec;52(6):743-9.
[Behavioral consequences of isolation in early ontogeny in rats: selectivity of
anxiety conditions]
[Article in Russian]
Khonicheva NM, Czabak-Garbacz R, Krupina NA.
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow.
Multiparameter scale for evaluation of anxiety-phobic state in rats reveals
significant enhancement of anxiety in rat pups after 6-week isolation (beginning
from the 21st day from birth) as compared to grouped controls of the same
litter: the locomotion and exploration that appear in test areas are suppressed,
and species-specific fear reactions are enhanced. These changes considered as
signs of situational anxiety are not eliminated by 2.5-month keeping in groups.
Nevertheless, they are not correlated with parameters of the acoustic startle
reflex that (by the data of literature) is thought to be related with fear and
anxiety. On the basis of the discrepancy it is proposed that state of anxiety is
selective. This suggestion is confirmed by individual behavioral variations
characterized by a combination of a low level of situational anxiety and a high
level of acoustic anxiety observed in both experimental and control groups.
These variations may explain the existence of atypical “emotional
resonance”-like behavior according to P.V. Simonov. Attention is given to
selectively enhanced acoustic startle reflex in the group of active control as
an evidence for critical importance of any manipulations with social context in
early ontogeny.
PMID: 12528379 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
61: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Apr;154(4):336-42.
Lack of consistent behavioural effects of Maudsley reactive and non-reactive
rats in a number of animal tests of anxiety and activity.
Paterson A, Whiting PJ, Gray JA, Flint J, Dawson GR.
Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre,
Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
RATIONALE: A number of previous studies have reported that the Maudsley reactive
(MR/Har) and non-reactive (MNRA/Har) strains of rats show behavioural and
physiological differences consistent with the hypothesis that these strains
differ in emotionality and could therefore be considered a model of trait
anxiety in humans. OBJECTIVES: We sought to confirm this observation by
determining their behaviour in various animal models of conditioned and
unconditioned fear. METHODS: Both strains were evaluated in the open field (OF),
conditioned avoidance (CA), elevated plus maze (EPM) and fear-potentiated
startle (FPS) tests. In the OF the behaviour of both strains was consistent with
previous results showing that reactive rats had significantly higher levels of
defecation and lower levels of activity than the non-reactive rats. However,
there were no significant strain differences in CA responses or in the time
spent on the open arms of the EPM. In addition, the full benzodiazepine receptor
agonist, chlordiazepoxide, induced quantitatively similar effects in both
strains of rats. In the FPS test, MNRA/Hars had a higher baseline level of
startle and fear potentiation than the MR/Har rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data show
that the behaviour of MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats in some models of conditioned and
unconditioned fear is inconsistent with that predicted by their behaviour in the
OF test, suggesting that they are not a model of trait fear.
PMID: 11349385 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
62: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1999 Nov-Dec;49(6):1039-45.
[The effect of different stages of the sex cycle on rat behavior in a plus maze]
[Article in Russian]
Vinogradova EP.
Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, St.-Petersburg State
University.
Anxiety and motor activity of female white rats in the elevated plus-maze were
studied at different stages of the reproduction cycle (estrus, diestrus,
pregnancy and lactation). The level of anxiety was lower, and that of locomotor
and exploratory activity was higher during estrus and lactation than during
diestrus and pregnancy. Exposure to chronic pain of threshold intensity did not
induce behavioral changes in pregnant rats. There was no difference between the
control and experimental animals in the level of plasma corticosterone.
PMID: 10693284 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
63: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1995 Jan-Feb;35(1):29-35.
[Motor activity of rabbits in conditions of chronic low-intensity pulse
microwave irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor’ev IuG, Luk’ianova SN, Makarov VP, Rynskov VV, Moiseeva NV.
Motor activity of rabbits under daily thirty-minute irradiation (1.5 GHz, pulse
duration 16 ms, pulse recurrence frequency 0.12 Hz, pulse intensity 0.3 mw/cm2)
for one month was studied. From 14th day the reliable disadaptation changes such
as an anxiety and alarm reaction were found. The importance of prolonged
irradiation is noted.
PMID: 7719427 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
64: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Oct;21(7):524-37.
Neural and behavioral teratological evaluation of rats exposed to ultra-wideband
electromagnetic fields.
Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Mason PA, Dooley MP, Miller SA, Ziriax JM, Murphy MR.
Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy
Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks AFB, Texas
78235-5324, USA. Brenda.Cobb@AFRLARS.Brooks.af.mil
Several investigators have reported teratologic effects of electromagnetic field
exposure. The majority of these studies have been performed at levels of
exposure that could produce substantial heating of the animals. New and unique
sources of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic fields are currently being
developed and tested that are capable of generating nonthermalizing,
high-peak-power, microwave (MW) pulses with nanosecond (ns) pulse widths,
picosecond (ps) rise times, and an UWB of frequencies. Our study was performed
to determine if teratological changes occur in rat pups as a result of (i) daily
UWB exposures during gestation days 3-18, or (ii) as a result of both prenatal
and postnatal (10 days) exposures. Dams were exposed either to (i) UWB
irradiation from a Kentech system that emitted a 55 kV/m-peak E field, 300 ps
rise time, and a 1.8 ns pulse width, average whole-body specific absorption rate
45 mW/kg; (ii) sham irradiation; or (iii) a positive control, lead (Pb) acetate
solution (2000 microg/ml) continuously available in the drinking water.
Offspring were examined for ontogeny (litter size, sex-ratios, weights, coat
appearance, tooth-eruption, eye-opening, air-righting, and ultrasonic stress
vocalizations). Male pups were tested on various performance measures
(locomotor, water-maze learning, and fertilization capabilities). The pups
postnatally exposed were examined for hippocampal morphology and operant
behavior. Behavioral, functional, and morphological effects of UWB exposure were
unremarkable with these exceptions: (i) The UWB-exposed pups emitted
significantly more stress vocalizations than the sham-exposed pups; (ii) the
medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in the
UWB-exposed pups than in the sham-exposed animals; (iii) male offspring exposed
in utero to UWB mated significantly less frequently than sham-exposed males, but
when they did mate there was no difference in fertilization and offspring
numbers from the sham group. There does not appear to be a unifying
physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences
observed, and our findings could be due to the expected spurious results derived
when a large number of statistical comparisons are made. Significant effects
found between our positive-controls and other groups on numerous measures
indicates that the techniques used were sensitive enough to detect teratological
effects. Bioelectromagnetics 21:524-537, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11015117 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
65: Radiat Res. 2001 Feb;155(2):369-77.
Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: lack
of effects on mammary tumors.
Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM.
Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy
Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas, USA.
It has been suggested that chronic, low-level exposure to radiofrequency (RF)
radiation may promote the formation of tumors. Previous studies, however, showed
that low-level, long-term exposure of mammary tumor-prone mice to 435 MHz or
2450 MHz RF radiation did not affect the incidence of mammary tumors. In this
study, we investigated the effects of exposure to a unique type of
electromagnetic energy: pulses composed of an ultra-wideband (UWB) of
frequencies, including those in the RF range. One hundred C3H/HeJ mice were
exposed to UWB pulses (rise time 176 ps, fall time 3.5 ns, pulse width 1.9 ns,
peak E-field 40 kV/m, repetition rate 1 kHz). Each animal was exposed for 2 min
once a week for 12 weeks. One hundred mice were used as sham controls. There
were no significant differences between groups with respect to incidence of
palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal
survival. Histopathological evaluations revealed no significant differences
between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms in all tissues studied
(lymphoreticular tissue, thymus, respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts,
reproductive, mammary and endocrine systems, and skin). Our major finding was
the lack of effects of UWB-pulse exposure on promotion of mammary tumors in a
well-established animal model of mammary cancer.
PMID: 11175673 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
66: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2001 Oct;87(10):1450-6.
[Interleukin-1beta and depressive states]
[Article in Russian]
Zubareva OE, Efremov OM, Simbirtsev AS, Klimenko VM.
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., St. Petersburg,
197376, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, Russia.
Administration of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in pyrogenic and subpyrogenic
doses induced a depression of social and exploratory behaviour in rats. A
reduction in locomotor activity only occurred with pyrogenic doses of the IL-1
beta. The low dose induced the reduction whereas the high dose the increase of
anxiety in elevated plus maze. The opposite effects of two doses of IL-1 beta
were observed also in a test with saccharine.
PMID: 11767459 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
67: Pol J Occup Med. 1988;1(4):329-39.
Influence of a static magnetic field on the reproductive function, certain
biochemical indices and behaviour of rats.
Grzesik J, Bortel M, Duda D, Kuska R, Ludyga K, Michnik J, Smolka B, Sowa B,
Trzeciak H, Zielinski G.
PMID: 2979568 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
68: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):30-2.
[Hygienic evaluation and the problems of standardization of magnetic fields with
the frequency of 50 Hz]
[Article in Russian]
Ziubanova LF, Karamyshev VB, Shestakov VG.
It is established that some kinds of technological equipment are the sources of
the magnetic fields with the frequency of 50 Hz, their biologic activity being
identified. Hygienic classification and approaches to differentiated
standardization of the above factor are suggested with account of time and
energetic parameters.
PMID: 2599398 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
69: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2000 Sep;86(9):1167-74.
[Effect of immunization to cholecystokinin fragment (30-33) on the behavior of
albino rats]
[Article in Russian]
Danilova RA, Rud’ko OI, Korotkova TM, Obukhova MF, Ashmarin IP.
Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory.
Active immunisation of albino rats by the BSA-conjugated CCK-4 induced formation
of antibodies to the CCK-4 and some long-term changes of the rat behaviour.
These changes were contrary to anxiogenic effect of the CCK-4 and demonstrated
an anxiolytic effect of the immunisation. The data obtained suggest a
possibility of an immunocorrection of pathological anxiety and fear by an
inverse immunoregulation.
PMID: 11081222 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
70: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1976 Sep-Oct;26(5):899-909.
[Modulated electromagnetic field as a factor of selective influence on animal
mechanisms of goal-directed behavior]
[Article in Russian]
Sudakov KV.
Proceeding from P.K. Anokhin’s theory of the functional systems, the paper
considers the action of a modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on different
stages of the central architectonics of purposeful behaviour of rats: afferent
synthesis, decisions making, acceptor of the action results. The action of MEMF
was studied in different experimental situations: choice of an alimentary or
defensive reaction to one conditioned stimulus in different situations;
extinction of conditioned alimentary reactions; elaboration and extinction of
alimentary conditioned reactions in animals group contacts; choice of the side
of reinforcement in a T-shaped maze, and, lastly, self-stimulation reactions.
The experiments have shown that MEMF has a selective effect on the animals’
emotional reactions. Greater disturbances are observed in the mechanisms of the
animals’ appraisal of the action of situational and trigger stimuli or
surrounding individuals of their species and, hence, of decisions making and
anticipation of future results of the action, the acceptor of the action
results.
PMID: 997935 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
71: Med Pr. 1981;32(6):393-402.
[Glycosaminoglycans in the brain of rats subjected to electromagnetic field
action]
[Article in Polish]
Matych S.
Investigations on changes of glucosaminoglycans content were carried out in the
brain of the rats irradiated once (30 min.) or several times (2-6 hours daily).
The following frequencies of e-m fields were used: 2880 MHz (pulse modulation
1000 Hz, pulse duration 1,5 mus); 150 MHz (50 V/m); 175 MHz (150 V/m); 3000 MHz
c.w. continuous wave). Control groups of animals were not subject to
irradiation. Statistically significant increase of GAG content was found in the
brain of the rats, irradiated in e-m field of frequency 2880 MHz in comparison
with GAG concentration in the controls. In the brains of animals exposed to e-m
fields of frequencies 150 and 175 MHz a statistically significant decrease of
GAG content was noted in comparison with GAG content in the controls. Whereas
e-m field of frequency 3000 MHz c.w. did not induce statistically significant
changes in GAG content in experimental animals as compared with the controls.
PMID: 6804742 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
72: Biofizika. 2002 Jul-Aug;47(4):759-68.
[A study of absorption of energy of the extremely high frequency electromagnetic
radiation in the rat skin by various dosimetric methods and approaches]
[Article in Russian]
Gapeev AB, Sokolov PA, Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.
Using experimental and theoretical methods of dosimetry, the energy absorption
of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in the skin of
laboratory rats was analyzed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the skin was
determined on the basis of both microthermometric measurements of initial rates
of temperature rise in rat skin induced by the exposure and microcalorimetric
measurements of specific heat of the skin. Theoretical calculations of SAR in
the skin were performed with consideration for dielectric parameters of rat skin
obtained from the measurements of the standing wave ratio upon reflection of
electromagnetic waves from the skin surface and for the effective area of
stationary overheating measured by infrared thermography. A numerical method was
developed to determine electromagnetic wave energy reflected, absorbed, and
transmitted in the model of flat layers. The algorithm of the method was
realized in a computer program and used to calculate SAR in the skin on the
basis of the complex dielectric constant of rat skin. The SAR values obtained
from experimental measurements, theoretical calculations and numerical analysis
are in good mutual correspondence and make about 220-280 W/kg at a frequency of
42.25 GHz and a power of 20 mW at the radiator output. The results obtained can
be used for dosimetric supply of biomedical experiments on studying the
physicochemical mechanisms of the biological effects of EHF EMR.
PMID: 12298218 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
73: Gig Sanit. 1991 Aug;(8):52-3.
[Behavioral effects of the combined chronic action of 9375 and 1765 MHz
microwaves]
[Article in Russian]
Navakatikian MA, Nikitina NG, Zotov SV.
Combined pulse-discrete microwave irradiation (9375 and 1765 MHz, irradiance
flux density to 375 microW/cm2, by 12 h/day for 4 months) caused faint
inhibition of CNS in locomotion activity and defensive reflex parameters.
PMID: 1937100 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
74: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):722-6.
[Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency
on the animal body within the framework of total low-dose x-ray irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Gubkina EA, Kushnir AE, Bereziuk SK, Potapov VA, Lepekhin EA.
Effect of low-intensive electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency
(EMR EHF) on the rats, subjected to the low-dose X-ray irradiation (6.192 mC/rg)
was investigated. Content of glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as glucose
content and activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase was
studied. It was shown than EMR EHF modifies the X-ray irradiation effect:
filament GFAP concentration in brain and glucose content in serum were restored.
The authors suggest central nervous system participation in realization of EMR
EHF effects on the organism.
PMID: 9019284 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
75: Radiobiologiia. 1987 Jul-Aug;27(4):567-9.
[Effect of electromagnetic fields of UHF range on dopamine-dependent behavior of
rabbits]
[Article in Russian]
Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF, Podol’skii IIa.
SHF radiation of low intensity does not influence on a stereotyped behaviour of
rabbits induced by a dopamine receptor stimulator, apomorphine. However, 10% of
animals exhibited a marked decrease in the test-response after SHF-irradiation
(16 Hz) which was perhaps associated with the increased individual sensitivity
of some animals to SHF-radiation.
PMID: 3628743 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
76: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1998 Nov-Dec;48(6):1043-50.
[The characteristics of the effect of tuftsin on the behavior and on the level
of biogenic amines in the brain of rats with differing resistance to acoustic
stress]
[Article in Russian]
Ismailova KhIu, Semenova TP, Iskanderova MD, Fast AE.
Karaev Institute of Physiology, Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, Baku.
The influence of tetrapeptide tuftsin (Tyr-Lys-Pro-Arg) on learning, exploratory
activity, emotional behavior, and hypothalamic monoamine content was studied in
Wistar rats with different resistance to stress induced by acoustic stimuli.
Positive effects of taftsin were more pronounced in low-resistant rats.
Administration of taftsin induced in these animals a significant increase in
reactivity to stimuli of different modalities, the open-field exploratory
activity, rate of alimentary conditioning and its modification in emotionally
negative situation. Biochemical examinations showed that in rats with high
resistance to stress taftsin administration led to a decrease in hypothalamic
noradrenaline level and increase in dopamine and serotonin levels. On the
contrary, in low-resistant animals taftsin increased the level of noradrenaline
and decreased that of dopamine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. It is
suggested that different behavioral effects of taftsin in stress-resistant and
nonresistant rats are caused by its different influence on hypothalamic biogenic
amines.
PMID: 9929913 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
77: Biofizika. 2000 Jan-Feb;45(1):130-6.
[Changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activity during in vitro exposure to
amplitude-modulated electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency (2375 MHz) in
guinea pigs]
[Article in Russian]
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, Russia.
The activity of alkaline phosphatase by the action of pulse-modulated microwave
radiation was studied. The carrier frequency of radiation was 2375 MHz, the
range of modulation pulse rate was 10-390 Hz with the on-off time ratio 2, and
the specific absorption rate was 8 and 0.8 microW/cm2. Time of exposure was 1
and 3 min under conditions of continuous temperature control. It was shown that
the activity of alkaline phosphatase depends on both modulation frequency and
intensity of superhigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation. At a frequency of 70
Hz, the activity of alkaline phosphatases increased 1.8-2.0 times.
PMID: 10732222 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
78: Gig Sanit. 1983 Mar;(3):86-9.
[Age-related sensitivity of the body of an animal to superhigh-frequency
electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Koziarin IP, Shvaiko II.
PMID: 6852577 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
79: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Oct;20(7):453-8.
Erratum in:
Bioelectromagnetics 2000 Jan;21(1):73.
Power frequency fields promote cell differentiation coincident with an increase
in transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression.
Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Keeping H, Wang S, Capuano A, Polk C.
Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University School of Medicine Providence,
Rhode Island 02906, USA.
Recent information from several laboratories suggest that power frequency fields
may stimulate cell differentiation in a number of model systems. In this way,
they may be similar to pulsed electromagnetic fields, which have been used
therapeutically. However, the effects of power frequency fields on phenotypic or
genotypic expression have not been explained. This study describes the ability
of power frequency fields to accelerate cell differentiation in vivo and
describes dose relationships in terms of both amplitude and exposure duration.
No change in proliferation or cell content were observed. A clear dose
relationship, in terms of both amplitude and duration of exposure, was
determined with the maximal biological response occurring at 0.1 mT and 7-9
h/day. Because this study was designed to explore biological activity at
environmental exposure levels, this exposure range does not necessarily define
optimal dosing conditions from the therapeutic point of view. This study reports
the stimulation by power frequency fields of transforming growth factor-beta, an
important signalling cytokine known to regulate cell differentiation. The
hypothesis is raised that the stimulation of regulatory cytokines by
electromagnetic fields may be an intermediary mechanism by which these fields
have their biological activity.
PMID: 10495311 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
80: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1976 Jun;47(6):644-8.
Effect of electromagnetic pulse on avoidance behavior and electroencephalogram
of a rhesus monkey.
Mattsson JL, Oliva SA.
A 12-kg male rhesus monkey was exposed to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at 266
kv/m, 5 pulses/s, for 1 h (18,700 pulses). The effects of EMP on Sidman
avoidance behavior and on post-exposure electroencephalogram were evaluated, and
no significant changes were detected. An analysis of an EMP showed that it
contained various frequency components extending from 0 Hz to 10(9) Hz. However,
the pulse configuration was such that its power was mainly confined to the
longer wave-lengths (less than 30 MHz). The lack of biologic effect was
attributed to the fact that the wavelengths were long relative to the size of
the monkey, and little energy deposition was likely to occur. In addition, the
electric field was evenly distributed across all lower frequencies so that only
a very small electric field component existed at any specific low frequency.
PMID: 820328 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
81: Bioelectromagnetics. 1989;10(1):111-3.
Intensity threshold for 60-Hz magnetically induced behavioral changes in rats.
Liboff AR, Thomas JR, Schrot J.
Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401.
Experiments were conducted to further investigate the effect of 60-Hz
cyclotron-resonance exposures on rats performing on a multiple FR-DRL schedule.
The previously reported temporary loss of DRL baseline response, when measured
as a function of A.C. magnetic intensity, was found to have a threshold.
Utilizing the component of A.C. magnetic intensity parallel to the D.C. field,
we report this threshold as (0.27 +/- 0.10) x 10(-4) Trms.
PMID: 2712836 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
82: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1998 Oct;84(10):1100-7.
[Anxiety-inducing and -inhibiting agents: differential effect of pentagastrins
on the white rat behavior]
[Article in Russian]
Danilova RA, Fedorova IM, Rud’ko OI, Kushnir EA, Ashmarin IP.
Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory, Russia.
Parenteral administration of des-BOC-Pentagastrin induced the anxiety and fear
manifestations, depressing also explorative behaviour in open field experiments
in rats. Intranasal administration evoked similar effects, whereas pentagastrin
reduced the anxiety level, increasing explorative behaviour. Pentagastrin and
des-BOC-Pentagastrin displayed antagonism at the receptor level.
PMID: 10097277 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
83: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1991 Feb;111(2):165-8.
[Changes in the emotionally conditioned behavior of rats under the influence of
the hexapeptide fragment GLLDLK of the protein inhibitor of diazepam binding]
[Article in Russian]
Zhdanova IV, Kordzadze RN, Pliashkevich IuG.
It is shown that suboccipital injection of 100 micrograms of the gexapeptide
GLLDLK (the fragment of endogenous peptide–the inhibitor of diazepam binding)
modified (for 1-3 days) the emotionally conditioned behaviour of the rats (the
test of “emotional resonance”). This modification was realized in some
reinforcement of different behavioural patterns and had signs of anxiety and
depression. In the test “social hierarchy” the injection of GLLDLK didn’t change
significantly the hierarchy in the whole rat society, but in the recipient
behaviour the exploratory activity has been changed, the time of grooming
increased and the quantity of social contacts decreased.
PMID: 1854959 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
84: Physiol Behav. 2001 Feb;72(3):403-7.
Exposure to a novel stimulus reduces anxiety level in adult and aging rats.
Darwish M, Koranyi L, Nyakas C, Almeida OF.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szabolcs u. 33-35, H-1135 Budapest, Hungary.
Male Wistar rats aged 3, 15 and 24 months were isolated and housed individually
for 72 h prior to being subjected to inanimate objects (two objects per rat,
each 1.5 cm in diameter and 4 cm in length, made of surgical gauze). Following
the exposure to the objects, rats were subsequently tested in an elevated
plus-maze. The inanimate objects induced locomotor activity, chewing and
transportation of the object. This changed to social interaction and play-like
behavioral activity in rats of all ages that were kept in small groups with a
latency of 1 to 2 min. One hour after the start of exposure, the animals were
tested in the elevated plus-maze to measure anxiety behavior. It was found that
all age groups spent significantly more time in the open arm of the elevated
plus-maze than the corresponding controls. Latencies to first entry into open
arms were also significantly lowered. The number of entries to the open or to
the dark arm, however, did not show statistical difference, indicating that the
novel object-induced activity failed to exert influence on gross motor activity
in the elevated plus-maze. In conclusion, the stimulation elicited by the
exposure to novel stimulus (inanimate objects) resulted in a significant
reduction of anxiety level both in adult and in aging rats.
PMID: 11274684 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
85: Gig Sanit. 1993 Dec;(12):39-40.
[The effect of superhigh frequency electromagnetic radiation on the central
nervous system]
[Article in Russian]
Krylova IN, Iasnetsov VV, Pal’tsev IuP, Il’in AB, Kuznetsova EIu, Balaeva NV.
PMID: 8125368 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
86: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 Sep-Oct;37(5):756-61.
[Behavior reactions and lipids of brain synaptic membranes of rats under chronic
exposure to gamma irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Potekhina NI, Kolomiitseva IK.
The effects of low level chronic ionising irradiation (12.9 cGy/day on the
sensory attention to the stimuli of different modalities (somatosensory, visual,
odor) of Wistar rats were studied. Analysis of animals behaviour was made after
they had received the different doses of irradiation: 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 Gy.
It was founded, that the attention and exploratory activity of rats is
significantly decreased up to 20-30% after 4-6 Gy. The irradiation doses 8 Gy
did not change animal behaviour as compared to control animals, but doses 10, 15
and 20 Gy decreased the exploratory activity as well as sensory attention of
rats to 3-5-times as compared to previous dose. Such a wave-like way of
behaviour reflects the functioning of an adaptive mechanism. Biochemical data
indicated that after 5 months of the irradiation (dose 20 Gy) the level of
phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol were decreased.
PMID: 9417305 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
87: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1991 Jan;37(1):4-7.
[Standardization of electromagnetic fields of 3-30 MHz with reference to the
time factor]
[Article in German]
Savin BM, Lobanova EA, Kosova IP, Sokolova IP, Rubcova NB, Lochodzej LV,
Klescenok OI.
Wissenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut fur Arbeitshygiene und Berufskrankheiten,
Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften, UdSSR, Moskau.
In chronic experiments (4 months) in rabbits, rats, and mice biological effects
were investigated from 7 exposure regimen of electromagnetic fields with a
frequency of 24 MHz at field strengths of the electric field component of 125,
250, 500, and 1,000 V/m, respectively, and an exposure time of 0.25, 1, and 4
hrs. respectively. The effects on the CNS, the immune and hormone systems, the
peripheral blood and on the spermato and embryo genesis were estimated. The
results delivered the basis for the introduction of an index. In point of time
different limit values are to be determined according to the energetic load. A
concrete value for the energetic load 7,200 (V/m)2.h is proposed as maximum
allowable field strength of the electric component 300 V/m.
PMID: 2028680 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
88: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993 Aug;116(8):127-30.
[A new natural model of elevated anxiety in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Rodina VI, Krupina NA, Kryzhanovskii GN.
The levels of anxiety were determined in male Wistar rats using a complex
multiparameter method for evaluating anxiety-phobic states in rats based on
ranged scale. The effects of psychotropic drugs differed in rats with innate
high and low levels of anxiety. Anxiolytics sodium valproate (200 mg/kg),
phenazepam (0.05 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 and 0.6 mg/kg) reduced anxiety in rats
with innate high level of anxiety and prevented increase of anxiety induced by
saline in rats with innate low level of anxiety. Pentylenetetrazol (10 mg/kg)
and haloperidol at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) increased anxiety in rats with
either high or low innate levels of anxiety. However sodium lactate (600 mg/kg)
increased anxiety only in rats with innate high level of anxiety. Haloperidol at
a small dose (0.01 mg/kg) and melipramin (10 mg/kg) were uneffective in rats
with innate high level of anxiety. Results believed the rats with innate high
level of anxiety to be used as a new natural animal model of anxiety.
PMID: 8274676 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
89: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Mar;38(3):231-6.
Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: effects on the offspring behaviour with special
reference to anxiety paradigms.
Ramanathan M, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK.
Department of Pharmacology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Maternal hyperglycemic effect was studied on the offspring behaviour. Offspring
were obtained from diabetic rats by mating a normal father with a diabetic
mother (NFDM), diabetic father with normal mother (DFNM) and diabetic father
with diabetic mother (DFDM). Rats were rendered diabetic by injecting
streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg i.p.) in citrate buffer. Offspring were subjected
to various anxiety parameters including open field exploratory behaviour,
elevated plus maze and zero maze behaviours, and the social interaction tests at
the age of 8 weeks. The results indicate that offspring of NFDM and DFDM showed
anxiogenic activity on the elevated plus maze zero maze and the social
interaction test. Offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited hyper and emotional
activity in the open field behaviour test. The behavioural alterations observed
in the offspring were comparable to the behavioural alterations noted in STZ
diabetic rat as reported earlier. Further offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited
mild hyperglycaemia. No significant behavioural alterations in the offspring of
DFNM were observed. It may be concluded, that exposure of offspring to diabetic
environment in their foetal life can lead to anxiogenic/emotional behaviours in
adult life.
PMID: 10927864 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
90: Biofizika. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(5):935-40.
[Effect of modified SHF and acoustic stimulation on spectral characteristics of
the electroencephalograms of the cat brain]
[Article in Russian]
Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV.
Ykhtomskii Research Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg State University,
Russia.
The effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on the spectral parameters of
bioelectric brain activity in awake cats was studied by registering the
electroencephalogram from the skin surface in the vertex area using carbon
electrodes. In the normal electroencephalogram, spectral components in the range
above 20 Hz predominated. It was shown that, upon irradiation with
electromagnetic field (basic frequency 980 MHz, power density 30-50 microW/cm2),
spectral components in the range of 12-18 Hz begin to prevail. A similarity in
the redistribution of the power of spectral components upon both acoustic and
modulated electromagnetic influences was revealed. The results suggest that
there is a a common neurophysiological mechanism by which modulated
electromagnetic radiation and acoustic stimulation affect the electrical
activity of the brain. This ia consistent with the assumption that the effect of
the electromagnetic field on the central nervous system is mediated through the
acoustic sensory system.
PMID: 11094726 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
91: Biofizika. 1996 May-Jun;41(3):762-4.
[Combined effect of variable and static magnetic fields on rat behavior in the
“open field “]
[Article in Russian]
Deriugina ON, Pisachenko TM, Zhadin MN.
The influence of combined alternating and static magnetic fields on rat behavior
in the “open field” test was studied. The action of the cyclotron and Larmor
frequencies of calcium, natrium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, lithium, and
zinc ions was investigated. The statistically significant influence of the
cyclotron frequencies of calcium and magnesium ions was revealed. The calcium
frequency caused depression of investigating activity of the animals and the
magnesium one evoked increasing moving and investigating activities. The rest of
frequencies did not significantly act on the animal behavior.
PMID: 8924481 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
92: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1994;(1):31-3.
[Effect of low intensity and ultra high frequency electromagnetic irradiation on
memory functions]
[Article in Russian]
Krylova IN, Ilin AB, Dukhanin AS, Paltsev IuP, Iasnetsov VV.
The experiments on rats proved that low intensity electromagnetic waves result
in retrograde amnesia due to benzodiazepine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and
cholinergic mechanisms. Nootropic drug pyracethamum was proved to reduce the
pathologic effect.
PMID: 7804712 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
93: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1997;42 Suppl:103-4.
[Current status of risk discussion of low frequency electric and magnetic fields
and high frequency electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in German]
Petrowicz O.
Institut fur Experimentelle Chirurgie, Technischen Universitat Munchen.
PMID: 9517067 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
94: Med Radiol (Mosk). 1984 Dec;29(12):46-9.
[Experimental study of the effects of acute uneven microwave irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Zuev VG, Ushakov IB.
The purpose of the study was to reveal parts of the body affected by radiation
most of all in uneven microwave irradiation (current frequency of 2.4 GHz/s) by
the destruction criterion taking account of some indicators of the absorbed
power of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Uneven irradiation was achieved by the
screening of some parts of the body with radiopaque material leaving unshielded
parts subjected to irradiation. Control over the redistribution of absorbed
energy was exercised by means of multichamber phantoms. In experiments on
animals (female rats) within the range of specific absorbed power of 15-40 mWg
the utmost affection of the cranial segment was revealed. The results show good
correlation with a curve of the effect of 50% destruction criterion in total EMR
irradiation.
PMID: 6513752 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
95: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Jan-Feb;51(1):114-6.
[Motor activity and emotional response in the open field test in rats after
pharmacologic stimulation or blockade of neuropeptides in terminals of primary
sensory neurons]
[Article in Russian]
Zhukova EM.
Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch,
Novosibirsk.
Effects of high and low doses of capsaicin on the open-field behavioral patterns
were examined in Wistar rats. The treated animals exhibited a significant
increase in locomotion, grooming, and exploratory activity.
PMID: 11253389 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
96: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 May-Jun;37(3):336-42.
[The dependence of the biological effect of electron radiation on the pulse
repetition rate. The characteristics of the clinical manifestations in rats
after irradiation at superlethal doses]
[Article in Russian]
Darenskaia NG, Nasonova TA, Aleshin SN.
A comparison between biological effects of electron radiation (25 and 50 MeV) at
doses of 100-300 Gy and with pulse recurrence frequencies from 3 to 2400 s-1,
using general damage severity, distinctiveness of separate clinical
manifestations and incidence of extremely severe forms of radiation sickness as
criteria, has demonstrated some peculiarities of radiation pathology in rats
under these circumstances. The pulse recurrence frequency influence varies with
the criterion applied.
PMID: 9244520 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
97: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1996 Nov-Dec;26(6):565-6.
Device for artifact-free recording of brain electrical activity during exposure
of rats to UHF fields in conditions of free behavior.
Vorob’ev VV, Gorelkova TF, Konovalov VF.
Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino.
PMID: 9121634 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
98: Gig Sanit. 1982 Feb;(2):7-11.
[Meteorological radars as an energy source of a superhigh-frequency range
electromagnetic field and environmental hygiene problems]
[Article in Russian]
Dumanskii IuD, Nikitina NG, Tomashevskaia LA, Kholiavko FR, Zhupakhin KS.
PMID: 7075987 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
99: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1984 May-Jun;(3):13-6.
[Effect of a modulated UHF field on the behavior and hormone level of female
rats under emotional stress]
[Article in Russian]
Rasulov MM.
PMID: 6540858 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
100: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Sep;39(9):853-7.
Effect of environmental deprivation on anxiety in rats.
Jaiswal AK.
Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India. arunjais@rediffmail.com
Environmental deprivation (ED) induced a significant increase in open-field
ambulation, rears, self-groomings, faecal pellets and decrease in activity in
centre in Charles Foster albino rats of 30, 45 and 60 days age groups. In
elevated plus maze, significant attenuation of open arm time/entries and
augmentation of enclosed arm time/entries were noted in ED rats of all the three
age groups. Similarly ED rats also showed significant decrease in time spent on
open arms, entries, head dips and stretched attend postures in comparison to age
matched rats reared under normal environmental conditions. The results indicate
that imposition of environmental deprivation in rats’ life consistently resulted
in significant anxiogenic behaviour on all the tests. However, the anxiogenic
effect of ED was less marked when it was imposed at 60th day of life in rats.
PMID: 11831364 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
101: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Dec;21(8):566-74.
Prenatal exposure to 900 MHz, cell-phone electromagnetic fields had no effect on
operant-behavior performances of adult rats.
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H.
Institut fur Toxikologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit,
Neuherberg, Germany. michael.bornhausen@t-online.de
To clarify potential health risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) used in cellular telephone technology to the developing brain, Wistar
rats were continuously exposed during pregnancy to a low-level (0.1 mW/cm(2))
900 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulated EMF that approximated the highest legal exposure
of normal populations to the radiation of base antennas of the GSM digital
cell-phone technology. Whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) values
for the freely roaming, pregnant animals were measured in models; they ranged
between 17.5 and 75 mW/kg. The offspring of exposed and of sham-exposed dams
were coded and tested later as adults in a battery of ten simultaneously
operated test chambers (Skinner boxes) during night time. Eight groups of ten
coded animals in each group were tested for learning deficits in a sequence of
nine, computer-controlled, 15 h sessions of the food-reinforced contingency
Differential Reinforcement of Rate with increasing performance requirements. Two
different sets of events were recorded: The food-reinforced lever-pressing
activity of the animals and the inter-response intervals (IRIs) between
consecutive lever presses. IRI-occurence patterns discriminated consistently
between “learners” and “non-learners”. Analyses of performance scores and of
IRI-patterns both showed that exposure in-utero to the GSM field did not induce
any measurable cognitive deficits. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11102946 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
102: Med Pr. 2000;51(6):637-52.
[Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and its health effects in
electric energy workers]
[Article in Polish]
Szadkowska-Stanczyk I, Zmyslony M.
Zakladu Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy w Lodzi im. prof.
dra med. Jerzego Nofera w Lodzi.
Power frequency (50 to 60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are briefly
characterised, EMF sources occurring in the electromagnetic industry are
discussed, and methods for and problems involved in the evaluation of individual
occupational EMF exposure are also presented. The results of certain cohort
industrial and case-referent studies indicate slightly enhanced risk of brain
cancer and leukaemia in the group under study. The meta-analysis of the results
obtained from numerous studies, published recently, showed a relative risk (RR)
of 1.1-1.3 for leukaemia, and of 1.1-1.2 for brain cancer. Only a few studies
demonstrate a dose-effect relationship for malignant neoplasms which decreases
the power of the hypothesis on the cause-effect relationship. Among health
effects of EMF exposure in electric utility workers, other than malignant
neoplasms, an increased risk of certain diseases of the circulatory and
neurological systems has been reported. The difficulty in the assessment of
individual exposure is the main problem in evaluating the relationship between
EMF exposure and adverse health effects in electric utility workers. We hope to
investigate this further.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11288692 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
103: Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;132(7):1389-95.
Social isolation modifies nicotine’s effects in animal tests of anxiety.
Cheeta S, Irvine E, File SE.
Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, GKT School of
Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus,
London, SE1 1UL.
1. These experiments determined whether the housing conditions of rats
influenced the effects of nicotine in two animal tests of anxiety, social
interaction and elevated plus-maze tests. 2. In animals housed singly for 7
days, (-)nicotine (0.025 mg kg(-1) s.c.) was ineffective, but 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25
mg kg(-1) (s.c.) significantly increased the time spent in social interaction,
without changing locomotor activity, thus indicating anxiolytic actions.
(-)Nicotine (0.45 mg kg(-1) s.c.) significantly reduced social interaction,
indicating an anxiogenic effect. 3. However, in group-housed animals,
(-)nicotine (0.025 mg kg(-1) s.c.) had a significant anxiolytic effect in the
social interaction test, but 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.45 mg kg(-1) were
ineffective. (-)Nicotine (1 mg kg(-1)) reduced motor activity and social
interaction in the group-housed animals. 4. In the elevated plus-maze, the
time-course and the dose-response curve to nicotine were investigated. In both
singly- and group-housed rats, (-) nicotine (0.1 – 0.45 mg kg(-1) s.c.)
decreased the per cent entries into, and per cent time spent on, the open arms,
indicating anxiogenic effects. 5. The housing condition influenced the time
course, with significant effects at 5 and 30 min after injection in group-housed
rats, and significant effects at 30 and 60 min in singly-housed rats. 6. In the
social interaction test there was no difference in the scores of the first and
last rats removed from group cages, whereas the order of removal from the cages
did affect the scores in the elevated plus-maze. 7. These results provide
further evidence that the two animal tests model distinct states of anxiety, and
show how social isolation powerfully modifies both anxiolytic and anxiogenic
effects of nicotine.
PMID: 11264231 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
104: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Jan-Feb;38(1):110-5.
[Radioprotective effect of weak ultra-low frequency alternating magnetic field
in adrenalectomized mice]
[Article in Russian]
Stashkov AM.
Simferopol State University, Krym, Ukraine.
PMID: 9606412 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
105: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1998;(11):6-8.
[The evaluation of the body response of experimental animals to exposure to the
magnetic component of electromagnetic radiation for setting a hygiene standard]
[Article in Russian]
Bogdanov AA, Bukharin EA, Davydova OK, Plakhov NN.
Acute and subacute experiments were conducted to evaluate threshold response of
white rats to variable magnetic intensity of magnetic section of electromagnetic
irradiation with fixed frequency (3 MHz).
PMID: 9885494 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
106: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Sep-Oct;39(5):583-7.
[Biological and ecological aspects of the effects combined electromagnetic rays
on farm animals]
[Article in Russian]
Ipatova AG, Ivanov VL, Koz’min GV, Kozlov VA.
Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk.
The study of a biological effect of ultraviolet, ultrahigh frequency and
gamma-radiation, as well as combinations of these, on the functional status of
the sheep body systems has made it possible to evaluate the sensitivity of a
body exposed to these factors and its adaptive potentials. The pattern of
variations in the body systems when a combined EMR is applied depends on to
which extent one or another factor dominates the others. It is however possible
that the effect of the leading factor is modified by that of a less severe
radiation, energy characteristics of which differ from those of the dominating
factor.
PMID: 10576032 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
107: Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(1):87-93.
[Changes in reactions in rats during hypokinesia and electromagnetic irradiation
of ultrahigh frequency]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Temur’iants NA, Chuian OM, Verko NP, Moskovchuk OB, Tumaniants OM, Shyshko OIu,
Min’ko VA, Kurtseitova EE.
Tavritcheskiy University by V.I. Vernadsky, Sympheropol.
The effects of low intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the hypokinetic
stress were studied on rats. It has been shown that exposure to EMF, combined
with hypokinesia or without it, prevented the typical stress reaction on the
limited motility. EMF was determined to modify the adaptive processes which
resulted in the adaptive activation and limiting stress reaction. Adaptation was
characterized with lower anxiety and excitability of the central nervous system,
and a higher level of non-specific resistance, as compared to the stress
reaction.
PMID: 12669526 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
108: Percept Mot Skills. 1999 Dec;89(3 Pt 1):1023-4.
Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXXVII. Effects of synthetic and natural
geomagnetic patterns on maze learning.
McKay BE, Persinger MA.
Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada.
12 normal male albino rats were exposed or not exposed in their home cages for 5
min. and 50 sec. once every hour 8 times per night to a 7-Hz square-wave
magnetic field whose amplitudes were shifted by about 50 nT approximately every
10 sec. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the
two groups for numbers of working errors, numbers of reference errors, or speed
during the acquisition of an Olton (8-arm) maze, the strength of the group
differences (F ratios) for daily working errors was reduced (rho = .70) if there
had been enhanced geomagnetic activity during the time of the night when the
experimental fields were present.
PMID: 10665038 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
109: Neuroreport. 2001 Oct 8;12(14):3081-4.
Hyperanxiety produced by periaqueductal gray injection of chondroitin sulphate
glycosaminoglycan.
De Araujo JE, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Brandao ML.
Laboratorio de Psicobiologia, FFCLRP, campus USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900,
14049-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
We examined the effects of chondroitin sulphate C (CSC) on fear and anxiety
parameters following injection of the glycosaminoglycan into the dorsal
periaqueductal gray. Rats with chronically implanted cannulae were administered
CSC (0.4 or 4.0 nmol) or vehicle (saline, 0.2 microl) and exposed to the
elevated plus-maze test of emotionality. Intra-periaqueductal gray injection of
CSC produced a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect as indicated by reduced entries
into and time spent on the open arms, fewer excursions into the end of the open
arms and by increased stretched attend posture, flat back approach and closed
arm peeping-out behaviour. The behavioural effects of CSC appeared to be
anxioselective, since the glycosaminoglycan did not influence measures of
general (exploratory) activity, such as number of entries into the enclosed arms
and amount of scanning, rearing and grooming. The present results show that CSC
can produce an anxiogenic-like profile after injection into the dorsal
periaqueductal gray. This is the first such report implicating an endogenous
matrix glycosaminoglycan in neural mechanisms governing fear and anxiety.
PMID: 11568641 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
110: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Feb;68(2):255-62.
Behavioral effects of buspirone in the marmoset employing a predator
confrontation test of fear and anxiety.
Barros M, Mello EL, Huston JP, Tomaz C.
Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology,
University of Brasilia, Brazil, CEP 70910-900, DF, Brasilia, Brazil.
In order to further validate the recently developed marmoset (Callithrix
penicillata) predator confrontation model of fear and anxiety, we investigated
the behavioral effects of buspirone with this method. The apparatus consisted of
three parallel arms connected at each end to a perpendicular arm, forming a
figure-eight continuous maze. A taxidermized wild oncilla cat (Felis tigrina)
was positioned facing a corner of the parallel arms, alternating between the
left or right side of the maze among animals tested. All subjects were first
submitted to seven 30-min maze habituation trials (HTs) in the absence of the
predator, and then to five randomly assigned treatment trials (TTs) in the
presence of the predator: three buspirone sessions (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg),
saline and sham injection controls. Twenty minutes after treatment
administration, the animal was released into the maze and had free access to the
apparatus for 30 min. All trials were taped for later behavioral analysis.
Buspirone significantly decreased the frequency of scent marking, while
increasing the time spent in proximity to the ‘predator’ stimulus, indicating an
anxiolytic effect. Neither locomotor activity, exposure to a novel environment,
stimulus location and habituation, nor gender influenced the effects of the drug
treatments. These results further validate this method and demonstrate the
potential usefulness of this ethologically based paradigm to test anxiety and
fear-induced avoidance in nonhuman primates and its susceptibility to anxiolytic
pharmacological manipulations.
PMID: 11267630 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
111: Gig Sanit. 1992 Mar;(3):46-9.
[The sensitizing action of a high-frequency electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Nogachevskaia SI.
PMID: 1427198 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
112: Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(3):257-71.
Perturbations of plant leaflet rhythms caused by electromagnetic radio-frequency
radiation.
Ellingsrud S, Johnsson A.
Department of Physics, University of Trondheim, Norway.
The minute-range up and down rhythms of the lateral leaflets of Desmodium gyrans
has been studied when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the
radio-frequency (RF) range. The RF radiation was applied as homogeneous 27.12
MHz fields in specially-designed exposure cells(and in some cases as
non-homogeneous radiation of 27 MHz, amplitude modulated by 50 Hz, in front of
commercial diathermy equipment). All fields were applied as pulses. We report
effects in the leaflet rhythms such as temporary changes in the amplitude,
period, and phase. The radiation could also cause temporary or complete
cessations of the rhythms. The lowest dose (8 W/cm2) used was still effective.
PMID: 8323575 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
113: Toxicol Lett. 2000 Dec 20;118(1-2):9-19.
Differential effects of low frequency, low intensity (<6 mG) nocturnal magnetic
fields upon infiltration of mononuclear cells and numbers of mast cells in Lewis
rat brains.
Cook LL, Persinger MA, Koren SA.
Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian
University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6.
Immediately after inoculation to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis,
64 female Lewis rats were exposed to either a reference condition (<10 nT) or to
one of two frequencies (7 Hz, 40 Hz) of magnetic fields whose two intensities
(either 50 nT or 500 nT) were amplitude-modulated for 6 min once per hour
between midnight and 8 h for 15 nights. Rats that had been exposed to the 7 Hz,
low intensity fields displayed fewer numbers of foci of infiltrations of
mononuclear cells compared to all other groups that did not differ significantly
from each other. Rats exposed to the 5 mG (500 nT), 40 Hz magnetic fields
displayed more foci in the right thalamus while those exposed to the 5 mG, 7 Hz
fields displayed more foci in the left thalamus. Numbers of mast cells within
the thalamus were also affected by the treatments. These results suggest that
weak magnetic fields can affect the infiltration of immunologically responsive
cells and the presence of mast cells in brain parenchyma. Implications for the
potential etiology of ‘electromagnetic sensitivity’ symptoms are discussed.
PMID: 11137304 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
114: Gig Sanit. 1986 Jul;(7):34-6.
[Biological action and hygienic significance of the electromagnetic field
created by coastal radar facilities]
[Article in Russian]
Tomashevskaia LA, Solenyi EA.
PMID: 3758706 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
115: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001 May;34(5):675-82.
Strain-dependent effects of diazepam and the 5-HT2B/2C receptor antagonist SB
206553 in spontaneously hypertensive and Lewis rats tested in the elevated
plus-maze.
Takahashi RN, Berton O, Mormede P, Chaouloff F.
Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,
Florianopolis, SC, Brasil. takahashi@farmaco.ufsc.br
The 5-HT2B/2C receptor antagonist SB 206553 exerts anxiolytic effects in rat
models of anxiety. However, these effects have been reported for standard rat
strains, thus raising the issue of SB 206553 effects in rat strains displaying
different levels of anxiety. Herein, the effects of SB 206553 in a 5-min
elevated plus-maze test of anxiety were compared to those of the reference
anxiolytic, diazepam, in two rat strains respectively displaying high (Lewis
rats) and low (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR) anxiety. Diazepam (0.37,
0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg; 30 min before testing) increased in a dose-dependent manner
the behavioral measures in SHR, but not in Lewis rats. On the other hand, SB
206553 (1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg; 30 min before testing) failed to alter the
anxiety parameters in both strains, whereas it increased closed arm entries in
Lewis rats, suggesting that it elicited hyperactivity in the latter strain.
Accordingly, the hypolocomotor effect of the nonselective 5-HT2B/2C receptor
agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (1.5 mg/kg ip 20 min before a 15-min exposure
to an activity cage) was prevented by the 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg doses of SB 206553
in Lewis rats and SHR, respectively. Compared with SHR, Lewis rats may display a
lower response to benzodiazepine-mediated effects and a more efficient control
of locomotor activity by 5-HT2B/2C receptors.
PMID: 11323756 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
116: Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR. 1992;(1):38-40.
[Electromagnetic radiations from computer video terminals and their effect on
health]
[Article in Russian]
Lazarenko NV.
The paper is concerned with a brief analysis of the reported data on hygienic,
epidemiological and experimental estimation of the electromagnetic radiation
(EMR) of a video-terminal (VDT). The results of the author’s investigations are
presented. Based on the data obtained it is concluded that low-intensity
wide-band EMR occurs in work places of VDT users. One should bear in mind that
the biological action of EMR has not been studied so far.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1585729 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
117: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1993 Sep-Oct;43(5):1006-17.
[A multiparameter method for the complex evaluation of anxiety-phobic states in
rats]
[Article in Russian]
Rodina VI, Krupina NA, Kryzhanovskii GN, Oknina NB.
A new multiparameter method is elaborated for evaluating the anxiety-phobic
states in rats. The method is based on a ranged scale of parameters which
characterize the species-specific responses of an animal to the series of
ethologically adequate test-stimuli inducing manifestation of the anxiety-phobic
states. The method makes it possible to evaluate an individual anxiety-phobic
level of a rat, to form experimental groups of rats with known individual
anxiety-phobic levels, to conduct repeated observations of the same animals. The
method is easy to introduce into laboratory practice and makes it possible to
obtain results quickly.
PMID: 8249450 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
118: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 May-Jun;50(3):500-8.
[Modulation of the activity of monoaminergic brain systems and emotional
condition by dalargin in rats during development of emotional resonance
response]
[Article in Russian]
Bazian AS, Orlova NV, Getsova VM.
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow.
Rats were divided in two groups by the reaction of emotional resonance (RER):
with emotionally positive reactions (I, with fast RER acquisition, up to 100 s)
and with emotionally negative reactions (II, with slow RER acquisition, more
than 200 s). After the RER acquisition, the activity of 5-hydroxitryptophan
(5-HT) system of the I group of animals was lower than in the II group. The
activity of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) systems of the I group of
animals was higher than in the II group. The between-group differences were
enhanced by subcutaneous injection of dalargin. In some brain structures
dalargin reversed these relations. These findings point to a complicated
interpenetrating character of emotionally positive and emotionally negative
states. Emotionally positive states include components of emotionally positive
states, and emotionally negative states include components of emotionally
positive states. Increase in 5-HT activity and decrease in activity of NA, DA,
and opioid (OP) systems induce formation of emotionally negative states.
Decrease in 5-HT activity and increase in activity of NA, DA, and OP systems
induce formation of the emotionally positive state. It is suggested that 5-HT,
NA, and DA systems play the central role in the processes of reinforcement,
acquire the evaluative function, and are included in realization of all types of
behaviors. OP is a primary modulator system which accompanies the unconditioned
pain stimulus and connects it with systems of evaluative function.
PMID: 10923388 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
119: Pol J Pharmacol. 2001 May-Jun;53(3):245-52.
AIDA influences behavior in rats pretreated with baclofen.
Car H, Nadlewska A, Oksztel R, Wisniewski K.
Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland.
The influence of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (I
mGluRs) by AIDA on some behavioral effects of rats pretreated with baclofen, an
agonist of GABA-B receptor, was investigated using behavioral tests: the open
field, the passive avoidance response and the elevated “plus” maze. Baclofen,
applied intraperitoneally (ip) at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, increased the number of
crossed fields and bar approaches in rats in the open field test, and prolonged
the time spent in the closed arms, shortened the time spent in the open arms and
decreased the number of entries to the open arms in the elevated “plus” maze,
but did not affect retrieval in the passive avoidance response. AIDA
administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) alone at a dose of 100 nmol reduced
crossings and rearings in the open field test, however, it had no effect on
retrieval in the passive avoidance situation, nor did it show any influence in
the elevated “plus” maze. AIDA given 15 min after baclofen significantly
decreased mobility of rats (in the case of crossings to the level observed when
AIDA was given alone), i.e. AIDA changed the effects of baclofen in the open
field test. We also noted significant impairment of retrieval in rats pretreated
with baclofen, which later received AIDA. AIDA significantly reduced the effect
of baclofen on this memory process. In the elevated “plus” maze test, AIDA did
not influence the behavior of rats pretreated with baclofen in comparison with
the group treated with baclofen alone.
PMID: 11785925 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
120: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2001 Feb;19(1):37-45.
Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats–sex-dependent
effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats.
Nishio H, Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Harada Y.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, 729-0292, Hiroshima, Japan.
nishio@fupharm.fukuyama-u.ac.jp
Maternal sound stress (800 Hz; 77 dB, every other minute for 15 min/day, from
day 10 to 18 of gestation), combined with forced swimming stress (15 min/day),
was found to cause potentiation of sound-induced loss of locomotor activity,
referred to as emotional behavior, of male offspring, but not that of female
offspring, at 4 weeks of age. Maternal stress also caused an increase in the
total number of errors by male, but not female offspring in the water-maze test
at 6 weeks of age. These effects of stress on emotional behavior and learning
behavior were abolished when dams were pretreated with buspirone (30 min before
the stress, from day 8 to 18 of gestation). Thus, prenatal stress might have
sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal
rats.
PMID: 11226753 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
121: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1992 Jul;114(7):52-4.
[Dynamics of calmodulin in cerebral structures under the action of modulated UHF
electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Katkov VF, Pavlovskii VF, Poltavchenko GM.
The influence of modulated UHF-electromagnetic fields (low intensity) on
calmodulin levels in several brain structures was studied. It was shown that
UHF-electromagnetic fields influence calmodulin levels in the hypothalamus and
sensorimotor cortex. Its effect depends on modulation regimes.
PMID: 1421308 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
122: Radiobiologiia. 1982 Sep-Oct;22(5):687-90.
[Effect of magnetic fields on the radiation sensitivity of mice. 1. Effect of
infra-low frequency of magnetic fields of low intensity on survival of
experimental animals after x-ray irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Kopylov AN, Troitskii MA.
PMID: 7178445 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
123: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Oct 13;292(3):171-4.
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is specific to the
frequency and intensity of nocturnally applied, intermittent magnetic fields in
rats.
Cook LL, Persinger MA.
Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory and Department of Biology Laurentian
University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada.
Female Lewis rats (n=72) were inoculated with an emulsion of spinal cord and
complete Freund’s adjuvant. They were then exposed for approximately 6 min every
hour between midnight and 08:00 h for 2 weeks to either 7 or 40 Hz
amplitude-modulated magnetic fields whose temporal pattern was designed to
simulate a (geomagnetic) storm sudden commencement. The peak strengths of the
fields averaged between either 30-50 nT (low intensity) or 500 nT (high
intensity). Rats exposed to the 7 Hz, low intensity magnetic fields displayed
significantly less severe overt signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
than rats exposed to either of the two intensities of the 40 Hz fields, the high
intensity 7 Hz field, or the reference (<10 nT) condition. The latter groups did
not differ significantly from each other. Predicted severity based upon the
numbers of foci of infiltrations of lymphocytes within the brains of the rats
also demonstrated the ameliorating effects of the low intensity, 7 Hz exposures.
These results suggest very specific characteristics of complex, weak magnetic
fields within the sleeping environment could affect the symptoms of
autoimmunity.
PMID: 11018304 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
124: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2002;80:1-395.
Non-ionizing radiation, Part 1: static and extremely low-frequency (ELF)
electric and magnetic fields.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Academic
PMID: 12071196 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
125: Biofizika. 1996 Jul-Aug;41(4):866-9.
[Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation and ultra-violet
radiation on aggregation of thymocytes and erythrocytes]
[Article in Russian]
Roshchupkin DI, Kramarenko GG, Anosov AK.
Electromagnetic radiation of superhigh frequencies (46.12 and 46.19 GHz, 0.3-1
mV/cm2) at an incident dose of about 12 kJ/m2 enhances the ability of isolated
rabbit thymocytes for aggregation interaction with homologous erythrocytes. In
the case of 46.19 GHz frequency, the stimulatory effect disappears as radiation
dose in increased. A radiation of 46.12 GHz stimulates thymocytes also at high
radiation doses. Superhigh-frequency radiation enhances the sensitivity of
thymocytes to the damaging effect of UV radiation.
PMID: 8962885 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
126: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):82-5.
[Use of the parameters of the locomotor activity of animals in experimental and
hygienic studies of microwave radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Navakatikian MA, Nogachevskaia SI.
PMID: 2599414 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
127: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Apr;35(4):451-7.
Effects of elevated calcium on motor and exploratory activities of rats.
Godinho AF, Trombini TV, Oliveira EC.
Centro de Assistencia Toxicologica (CEATOX), Instituto de Biociencias,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. godinho@ibb.unesp.br
The effects of serum and brain calcium concentration on rat behavior were tested
by maintaining animals on either distilled water (N = 60) or water containing 1%
calcium gluconate (N = 60) for 3 days. Animals that were maintained on high
calcium drinking water presented increased serum calcium levels (control = 10.12
+/- 0.46 vs calcium treated = 11.62 +/- 0.51 microg/dl). Increase of brain
calcium levels was not statistically significant. In the behavioral experiments
each rat was used for only one test. Rats that were maintained on high calcium
drinking water showed increased open-field behavior of ambulation (20.68%) and
rearing (64.57%). On the hole-board, calcium-supplemented animals showed
increased head-dip (67%) and head-dipping (126%), suggesting increased
ambulatory and exploratory behavior. The time of social interaction was normal
in animals maintained on drinking water containing added calcium. Rats
supplemented with calcium and submitted to elevated plus-maze tests showed a
normal status of anxiety and elevated locomotor activity. We conclude that
elevated levels of calcium enhance motor and exploratory behavior of rats
without inducing other behavioral alterations. These data suggest the need for a
more detailed analysis of several current proposals for the use of calcium
therapy in humans, for example in altered blood pressure states, bone mineral
metabolism disorders in the elderly, hypocalcemic states, and athletic
activities.
PMID: 11960194 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
128: Neuropharmacology. 2001 May;40(6):818-25.
Leptin decreases feeding and exploratory behaviour via interactions with CCK(1)
receptors in the rat.
Buyse M, Bado A, Dauge V.
INSERM U410, IFR02 Cellules Epitheliales, Faculte de medecine Xavier Bichat, 16
rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. mbuyse@bichat.inserm.fr
We assessed the effects of peripheral leptin on anxiety and exploratory
behaviour in the elevated plus-maze and in the four-hole box or Y-maze tests, in
rats fed 80% of normal daily food intake and rats fed ad libitum. In the Y-maze
test, i.p. injection of 0.4 or 1 mg/kg leptin into rationed rats significantly
decreased the percentage of spontaneous alternation behaviour and increased the
number of visits. In the elevated plus-maze test, rationed rats spent
significantly more time in the open arms (aversive part of the maze) than did
rats fed ad libitum. This difference in behaviour was abolished by injecting 0.4
mg/kg leptin. In the four-hole box test, i.p. administration of 1 mg/kg leptin
significantly reduced the duration and number of hole visits in rationed and ad
libitum fed rats. As with leptin inhibition of food intake, these behavioural
changes caused by leptin were prevented by a CCK(1) receptor antagonist
(L364,718), at a dose that had no effect by itself. Finally, a 20-min stress
that increased corticosterone and ACTH levels had no effect on circulating
leptin levels and on the leptin content of epididymal fat tissue, stomach and
brain. Thus, leptin induces hypoexploration and decreases spontaneous
alternation in rats and these effects are partly dependent on nutritional
status. These results also suggest that the CCK system may be involved in the
induction of these behavioural changes in rats by leptin, via the CCK(1)
receptor.
PMID: 11369035 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
129: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1997;42 Suppl:105-6.
[Exposure facilities for study of the effect of high frequency electromagnetic
fields on biological systems]
[Article in German]
Streckert J, Hansen V.
Lehrstuhl fur Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische
Universitat-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal.
PMID: 9517068 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
130: Behav Res Ther. 2002 Mar;40(3):279-87.
Mother knows best: effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and
avoidance behaviour in toddlers.
Gerull FC, Rapee RM.
Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of parental
modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance towards novel, fear-relevant
stimuli in a sample of 30 toddlers. The toddlers were shown a rubber snake and
spider, which were alternately paired with either negative or positive facial
expressions by their mothers. Both stimuli were presented again after a 1- and a
10-min delay, while mothers maintained a neutral expression. The children showed
greater fear expressions and avoidance of the stimuli following negative
reactions from their mothers. This was true for both genders although the degree
of modelled avoidance was greater in girls than in boys. The strong
observational learning results are consistent with views that modelling
constitutes a mechanism by which fear may be acquired early in life.
PMID: 11863238 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
131: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;257:367-76.
Possible physiological mechanisms for neurobehavioral effects of electromagnetic
exposure.
Shandala MG.
A. N. Marzeev Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR.
PMID: 3344276 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
132: Physiol Behav. 1993 Apr;53(4):827-9.
Is prolactin related to activity and emotional reactivity in rats?
Marti-Carbonell MA, Darbra S, Garau A, Sanz C, Balada F.
Department de Psicobiologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
Catalonia, Spain.
Recent studies have shown different relationships between hormones and
personality in humans, including a relationship between prolactin levels and
impulsivity. The aim of the present work was to study the relationships between
basal levels of prolactin and some measures of activity and emotional reactivity
in rats. One of the most consistent results showed a negative correlation
between basal prolactin levels and activity. This finding is in line with the
serotonergic theories of impulsive behavior and with the effects of dopamine
upon activity.
PMID: 8511191 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
133: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1996 Nov-Dec;46(6):1109-14.
[The behavior of the progeny of prenatally irradiated rats]
[Article in Russian]
Sakharov DG, Dygalo NN.
Ambulation and rearing in the open field were decreased in adult male offsprings
of rats which were exposed to moderate doses of gamma-irradiation during the
last third of their intrauterine development. Single combined external and
internal irradiation of the ancestors in the middle of the intrauterine period
resulted in increased ambulation in the open field (and its decreased latency)
and activity in the wheel in their adult offsprings. The obtained evidence
suggests that exposure of parents to harmful factors has its impact on behaviour
of offsprings depending on the characteristics of such factors.
PMID: 9054164 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
134: Int J Biometeorol. 1977 Dec;21(4):357-65.
Behavioral effects in monkeys exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic
fields.
de Lorge JO, Grissett JD.
PMID: 413798 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
135: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Jan-Feb;38(1):116-20.
[Modification of radiosensitivity of mice by combination of alternating magnetic
field and fractionated irradiation with small daily doses over many days]
[Article in Russian]
Stashkov AM, Gorokhov IE.
Simferopol State University, Krym, Ukraine.
Everyday before radiation combination of weak magnetic field and fractioned
radioactive irradiation in dose of 0.5 Gy up to total doses of 6.0-8.0 Gy
increased surviving of mice by 34-53%, prolonged the life-time 1.5 times as much
(half as much). It also decreased the rate of accumulation of damaged systems,
extended average time of death and the value of dose changing factor, and
reduced the gradient of damaged systems.
PMID: 9606413 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
136: Physiol Behav. 2000 Dec;71(5):509-16.
Behavioral profile of wild mice in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety.
Holmes A, Parmigiani S, Ferrari PF, Palanza P, Rodgers RJ.
Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Universita di Parma, Viale di
Scienze, 43100, Parma, Italy. aholmes@codon.nih.gov
Systematic observations of the defensive behavior of wild rodents have greatly
informed the experimental study of anxiety and its neural substrates in
laboratory animals. However, as the former work has been almost exclusively
carried out in rats, few data are available concerning the reactivity of wild
mice to standardized tests of anxiety-related behavior. In the present
experiments, we employed ethological measures to examine the behavioral
responses of a wild-derived population of house mice (Mus musculus) in the
elevated plus-maze. In direct comparisons with laboratory Swiss mice, male wild
mice exhibited substantially elevated levels of exploratory activities and an
overall “preference” for the open arms of the plus-maze. On re-exposure to the
plus-maze, male wild mice showed further increases in open arm exploration,
while Swiss mice showed a marked shift to the enclosed parts of the plus-maze.
Tested over a single session, female wild mice also exhibited a profile of high
open arm exploration, but showed levels of exploratory behaviors and locomotor
activity similar to female Swiss counterparts. While exploratory patterns in
wild mice show similarities to profiles seen in certain laboratory strains
(e.g., BALB/c), wild mice displayed a number of additional behaviors that are
unprecedented in plus-maze studies with laboratory mice. These included actual
and attempted jumps from the maze, spontaneous freezing, and exploration of the
upper ledges of the closed arms. Thus, while in conventional terms the behavior
of wild mice was consistent with one of low anxiety-like behavior, the presence
of these unique elements instead indicates a profile more accurately
characterized by high reactivity and escape motivation. We discuss how the use
of an ethological approach to measuring plus-maze behavior can support accurate
interpretation of other exceptional profiles in this test, such as those
possibly arising from phenotyping of transgenic and gene knockout mice.
PMID: 11239669 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
137: DLR Nachr. 1996 Feb;81:22-6.
[Effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the orientation behavior of
unicellular organisms: new findings on the biological effect of electromagnetic
alternating fields]
[Article in German]
Becker E, Hemmersbach R, Stockem W.
Institut fur Zellbiologie der Universitat, Bonn.
PMID: 11542970 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
138: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Apr;22(3):200-4.
Why arguments based on photon energy may be highly misleading for power line
frequency electromagnetic fields.
Vistnes AI, Gjotterud K.
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. a.i.vistnes@fys.uio.no
When evaluating possible mechanisms by which low frequency electromagnetic
fields may have a biological effect, arguments based on photon energy have often
been used in a misleading way. For visible light the concept of photons has
proved to be very useful in explaining experimental findings. However, the
concept of photons cannot be used without major modifications in describing
phenomena related to near field problems at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
electric and magnetic fields. For this regime, the photon description is very
complex. A very high number of highly coherent photons must be used in a quantum
electrodynamic description of low frequency electromagnetic field phenomena.
Thus, one-photon interaction descriptions must be replaced by multiple-photon
interaction formalism. However, at low frequencies, a classical electromagnetic
field description is far more useful than quantum electrodynamics. There is in
principle no difference in how much energy an electron can pick up from a low
frequency electric field as compared to from a high frequency photon. Thus, the
total gain in energy is not limited to the energy carried by a single photon,
which is E = hv, where h is Planck’s constant and (v) is the frequency of the
radiation. However, the time scale of the primary event in a mechanism of action
is very different for ionizing radiation compared to power line frequency
fields. The advice is to consider the time scale given by the inverse of the
frequency of the fields, rather than photon energy, when one use physics as a
guidance in evaluating possible mechanisms for biological effects from low
frequency electromagnetic fields. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11255216 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
139: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Oct-Nov;70(2-3):411-20.
Different effects of diazepam in Fischer rats and two stocks of Wistar rats in
tests of anxiety.
Bert B, Fink H, Sohr R, Rex A.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie
Universitat Berlin, Koserstr. 20, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
The behaviour of animals in tests of anxiety varies between strains, even in
identical tests and surroundings. To evaluate the results obtained, a more
detailed knowledge of the behaviour of different rat strains is indispensable.
Identically raised Fischer 344 rats and two stocks of Wistar rats were examined
in two animal tests of anxiety: the X-maze and a modified open-field test
following diazepam treatment (0.5-4.0 mg/kg). Harlan-Wistar rats were the least
‘anxious’ when the behaviour of vehicle treated controls was compared. The
largest effect of the anxiolytic diazepam, however, was observed in
Harlan-Fischer rats. To determine possible reasons for strain and stock
differences, plasma concentrations of diazepam and metabolites and
concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS were measured. Plasma
concentrations of diazepam and metabolites differed between the strains with the
Harlan-Fischer rats showing higher diazepam concentrations. 5-HT levels in
discrete brain regions varied with Harlan-Fischer rats having higher 5-HT
concentrations. Strain differences influence the anxiety-associated behaviour of
untreated animals and the effect of anxiolytics.
PMID: 11701214 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
140: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2000 Apr;26(1):27-32.
Isolation modifies the behavioural response in rats.
Karim A, Arslan MI.
Pharmacology Department, SSMC, Mitford, Dhaka.
Twenty-four male wister rats were reared from weaning either alone (isolation
reared) or in groups of five (socially reared) for 6 weeks. Thereafter, the
present study examined and compared the behaviour of isolation and socially
reared rats in the test of social interaction, in the elevated plus-maze test of
anxiety, in the open field behavior of exploration and locomotion activity, and
the depressive behaviour in forced swim test. Under high light in unfamiliar
conditions isolation reared rats spent significantly more time in aggressive
interactions (P < 0.05) and high levels of aggressive behaviour compared to the
socially reared rats (P < 0.05). Isolation reared rats had spent less time in
the open arms than the socially reared rats in the maze test (P < 0.05).
Isolation reared rats were more exploratory than the socially reared rats in the
open field test and the defaecation scores were less compared to the socially
reared controls (P < 0.05). Isolated rats spent less time immobile on the rats’
forced swim test behaviour but the difference was not statistically significant.
These findings suggest that isolation reared rats are nervous, aggressive and
hyperactive animals in a novel field. It appears that isolation rearing in the
early stages of life has modified a variety of behaviour in the adult rats, and
the investigation of the pattern of behavioural changes in isolation reared rats
may help to explore the environmental influences on the development of human
psychopathology.
PMID: 11192492 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
141: Vrach Delo. 1983 Mar;(3):109-11.
[Effect of different doses of a UHF field on the morphofunctional state of the
kidneys]
[Article in Russian]
Belokrinitskii VS, Grin’ AN.
PMID: 6858083 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
142: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002 Jul;78(1):11-22.
Fischer 344 and wistar rats differ in anxiety and habituation but not in water
maze performance.
Bert B, Fink H, Huston JP, Voits M.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Free
University Berlin, Koserstr. 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
bertb@zedat.fu-berlin.de
The fact that various neuropharmacological substances have anxiolytic as well as
amnesic effects suggests that neuronal mechanisms of anxiety and learning/memory
closely interact. Hence, we hypothesized that differences in anxiety-related
behavior could be accompanied with differences in cognition or habituation. Two
rat strains with different levels of anxiety, more anxious Fischer 344 rats by
Charles River (FC) and less anxious Wistar rats by Winkelmann (WW), were tested
in the Morris water maze task and an open field test for habituation learning.
Additionally, we investigated the effect of different light intensities on the
performance in the Morris water maze and the elevated plus maze. The results of
the water maze task indicate that differences in anxiety-related behavior do not
go along with differences in this performance of learning/memory. Moreover, the
test was not affected by different light intensities. In contrast, illumination
did affect performance in the elevated plus maze test, wherein dim light
provoked an anxiolytic effect in both rat strains. The findings that neither
different baseline levels of anxiety nor fear modulating light conditions were
accompanied by changes in the performance of rats in the Morris water maze led
us to the suggestion that there is no connection between anxiety and
learning/memory in this task. Contrarily, anxiety might be associated with
habituation learning in the open field test, shown by the superior habituation
of the anxious FC rats in comparison to the less anxious WW rats. In sum, these
results indicate that anxiety and learning/memory seem to be independently
regulated behaviors, whereas habituation might be more closely correlated with
anxiety. Nevertheless, a general statement about the relation between
emotionality and learning/memory mechanisms would be premature and the link
between behaviors remains to be clarified. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science
(USA).
PMID: 12071664 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
143: Physiol Behav. 1999 Jan 1-15;65(4-5):753-61.
Corrected and republished in:
Physiol Behav. 1999 Sep;67(3):753-61.
Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats.
Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC.
McKesson BioServices, U.S. Army Medical Research Detachment, Microwave
Bioeffects Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, USA.
shin-tsu.lu@aloer.brooks.af.mil
The ultrawide-band (UWB) electromagnetic pulses are used as a new modality in
radar technology. Biological effects of extremely high peak E-field, fast rise
time, ultrashort pulse width, and ultrawide band have not been investigated
heretofore due to the lack of animal exposure facilities. A new biological
effects database is needed to establish personnel protection guidelines for
these new type of radiofrequency radiation. Functional indices of the
cardiovascular system (heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures) were
selected to represent biological end points that may be susceptible to the UWB
radiation. A noninvasive tail-cuff photoelectric sensor sphygmomanometer was
used. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats were subjected to sham exposure, 0.5-kHz (93 kV/m,
180 ps rise time, 1.00 ns pulse width, whole-body averaged specific absorption
rate, SAR = 70 mW/kg) or a 1-kHz (85 kV/m, 200 ps rise time, 1.03 ns pulse
width, SAR = 121 mW/kg) UWB fields in a tapered parallel plate GTEM cell for 6
min. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 min to 4 weeks after
exposures. Significant decrease in arterial blood pressures (hypotension) was
found. In contrast, heart rate was not altered by these exposures. The UWB
radiation-induced hypotension was a robust, consistent, and persistent effect.
PMID: 10073476 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
144: Lik Sprava. 1992 Oct;(10):69-71.
[The brain function of animals exposed to the action of centimeter
electromagnetic waves]
[Article in Russian]
Smolia AL, Bezdol’naia IS.
It was established that centimeter electromagnetic waves (EMW) are a
biologically active factor. Dynamic of changes of behavioural reactions under
the effect of EMW evidences instability of the functional state of the brain EMW
densities of 1000, 1500 mW/cm2 produce a response characterized by inhibition of
motor activity.
PMID: 1485453 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
145: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Sep;70(1):123-31.
Cannabinoid effects on anxiety-related behaviours and hypothalamic
neurotransmitters.
Arevalo C, de Miguel R, Hernandez-Tristan R.
Departamento de Biologia Animal II (Fisiologia Animal), Facultad de Biologia,
Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the cannabinoid
agonist CP 55,940 and the antagonist SR 141716A, alone and in combination, on
rat exploratory and anxiety-like behaviour in the holeboard and elevated
plus-maze tests. A further aim was to evaluate the effects of these treatments
on hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Animals treated with CP 55,940 doses of 0.125
and 0.1 mg/kg exhibited less exploration and an increase in anxiety-like
behaviour accompanied by great motor inhibition. No hypoactivity was seen at
0.075 mg/kg dosage, but anxiety and neophobic responses persisted, indicating
independent and specific effects. Motor activity effects induced by CP 55,940
were reversed by pretreatment with SR 141716A (3 mg/kg). Surprisingly, when
administered on its own, the antagonist also induced a reduction in exploratory
parameters and an increase in anxiety-like responses. These apparently similar
effects might be caused by different neural mechanisms. Finally, CP 55,940
increased hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin levels. These increases might be
involved in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis described
for cannabinoids.
PMID: 11566149 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
146: Physiol Behav. 1999 Sep;67(3):753-61.
Corrected and republished from:
Physiol Behav. 1999 Jan 1-15;65(4-5):753-61.
Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats.
Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC.
McKesson BioServices, U.S. Army Medical Research Detachment, Microwave
Bioeffects Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, USA.
shin-tsu.lu@aloer.brooks.af.mil
The ultrawide-band (UWB) electromagnetic pulses are used as a new modality in
radar technology. Biological effects of extremely high peak E-field, fast rise
time, ultrashort pulse width, and ultrawide band have not been investigated
heretofore due to the lack of animal exposure facilities. A new biological
effects database is needed to establish personnel protection guidelines for
these new type of radiofrequency radiation. Functional indices of the
cardiovascular system (heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures) were
selected to represent biological end points that may be susceptible to the UWB
radiation. A noninvasive tail-cuff photoelectric sensor sphygmomanometer was
used. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats were subjected to sham exposure, 0.5-kHz (93 kV/m,
180 ps rise time, 1.00 ns pulse width, whole-body averaged specific absorption
rate, SAR = 70 mW/kg) or a 1-kHz (85 kV/m, 200 ps rise time, 1.03 ns pulse
width, SAR = 121 mW/kg) UWB fields in a tapered parallel plate GTEM cell for 6
min. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 min to 4 weeks after
exposures. Significant decrease in arterial blood pressures (hypotension) was
found. In contrast, heart rate was not altered by these exposures. The UWB
radiation-induced hypotension was a robust, consistent, and persistent effect.
Publication Types:
Corrected and Republished Article
PMID: 10497968 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
147: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 May-Jun;51(3):324-8.
[Analysis of possibility of genotypic correlation between fear and anxiety]
[Article in Russian]
Khrapova MV, Popova NK, Avgustinovich DF.
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian
Branch, Novosibirsk.
Special features of anxious behavior in the elevated plus maze test and acoustic
startle response were analyzed in 11 inbred mouse strains. A significant
influence of the genotype both on the startle amplitude and behavior in the
elevated plus maze was found. However, analysis of covariance did not reveal a
genotype-related association between anxiety and startle amplitude. The data
indicates that the fear-induced acoustic startle response and anxious behavior
in the elevated plus maze (agoraphobia) are not genetically related.
PMID: 11550640 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
148: Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1997 Dec;68(5):339-45.
[A temporary reduction of emotional reactivity in postweaning, prejuvenile rats:
examination by the Runway Test]
[Article in Japanese]
Miyamoto K.
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Tokai Women’s College,
Kakamigahara, Japan.
Developmental change of emotional reactivity in Wistar rats was investigated by
two experiments using the Runway Test. Rats were tested at 20, 30, 40, 60, and
90 days of age for three successive days. First, a cross-sectional comparison of
behavior in the Runway Test showed that 30-day-old rats were faster to enter the
runway region, faster to reach the end section, and traversed more sections than
other age groups. Rats at 60 and 90 days of age defecated more bolles and
urinated more. Second, longitudinal comparisons showed that the ambulation of
30- and 40-day-old rats increased gradually over test days, suggesting lowered
emotional reactivity. But 60- and 90-day-old rats showed asymptotic level of
ambulation and no increase between days and less defecation. These results
suggested that postweaning prejuvenile rats showed a temporary reduction of
emotional reactivity in novel environments. Also, their emotional reactivity
elevated gradually, and remained stable in each individual level.
PMID: 9551536 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
149: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Aug 23;129(2):189-99.
Prenatal exposure to ethinylestradiol elicits behavioral abnormalities in the
rat.
Dugard ML, Tremblay-Leveau H, Mellier D, Caston J.
Laboratoire PSY.CO, U.F.R. de Psychologie, Universite de Rouen, 76821
Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
Pregnant rats were i.p. injected with a solution of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (15
microg kg(-1)) every day between day 9 and day 14 of pregnancy and the behavior
of the offspring was compared to that of rats born from dams injected with the
vehicle only during the same gestational period. The percentage of neonatal
death was dramatically high in the prenatally treated group. Growth of the
surviving animals was even better than that of controls, but when adult, they
exhibited a number of behavioral abnormalities: increased spontaneous motor
activity, decreased exploratory behavior, impaired cognitive processing,
qualitatively different exploratory drive, and/or persevering behavior,
increased anxiety-like behavior and social neophobia. These behavioral
alterations, which resemble a number of psychiatric syndromes, suggest that
ethinylestradiol altered the ontogenesis of different parts of the central
nervous system involved in cognitive and emotional processes. However, it cannot
be excluded that the changes in behavior of ethinylestradiol exposed offspring
were due to the abnormal maternal behavior of the estradiol treated dams.
PMID: 11506863 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
150: Gig Sanit. 1982 Oct;(10):38-41.
[Genetic hazard of microradiowaves of nonheat intensity and its hygienic
aspects]
[Article in Russian]
Shandala MG, Antipenko EN, Koveshnikova IV, Timchenko OI.
PMID: 7173645 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
151: Radiobiologiia. 1986 May-Jun;26(3):365-71.
[Systemic effects of the interaction of an organism and microwaves]
[Article in Russian]
Suvorov NB, Vasilevskii NN, Ur’iash VV.
A study was made of the dynamics of neurophysiological processes, the autonomic
nervous system reactions, and the behaviour of cats during long-term
electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure (500 mu W/cm2, 2375 MHz). Revealed were the
synchronization of the brain bioelectrical activity at 6-10 Hz and 12-16 Hz,
different EMF sensitivity of the brain structures, the heart rate decrease, and
the increase in the mobility and aggression of the animals. A complex of
interrelated changes occurring virtually in all functional systems of the
organism should be considered as a specific EMF effect.
PMID: 3737885 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
152: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1980 Nov;90(11):602-5.
[Effect of fluctuating electromagnetic fields on the processes of growth and
blastomogenesis]
[Article in Russian]
Iur’ev VN, Krasnogorskaia NV.
Rats were exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic field, adequate to the
natural background, with Gaussian energy distribution, spectrum width 15 kHz,
and field intensity 5 V/cm. Electric fluctuations were shown to have an
inhibitory action on the normal growth of the animals and on blastoma
development. This action reaches maximum with the greatest build-up gradient. As
the frequency band of the field of action increase, the inhibitory effect
declines.
PMID: 7004528 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
153: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2002 Mar-Apr;32(2):189-94.
The effects of immunization against cholecystokinin fragment 30-33 in the
behavior of white rats.
Danilova RA, Rud’ko OI, Korotkova TM, Obukhova MF, Ashmarin IP.
M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
Active immunization of white rats with cholecystokinin-4 covalently linked to
the antigen carrier BSA evoked long-lasting changes in the rats’ behavior, which
were in the opposite direction to the anxiogenic effects of cholecystokinin-4
itself, showing that immunization had anxiolytic effects. Immunoenzyme analysis
demonstrated the presence of antibodies to cholecystokinin-4 in the serum of
immunized rats. These data are interesting from the point of view of correcting
pathological anxiety and fear states by inverse immunoregulation.
PMID: 11942698 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
154: Genome Res. 2002 Apr;12(4):618-26.
A quantitative trait locus influencing anxiety in the laboratory rat.
Fernandez-Teruel A, Escorihuela RM, Gray JA, Aguilar R, Gil L, Gimenez-Llort L,
Tobena A, Bhomra A, Nicod A, Mott R, Driscoll P, Dawson GR, Flint J.
Medical Psychological Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona E-08143, Spain.
A critical test for a gene that influences susceptibility to fear in animals is
that it should have a consistent pattern of effects across a broad range of
conditioned and unconditioned models of anxiety. Despite many years of research,
definitive evidence that genetic effects operate in this way is lacking. The
limited behavioral test regimes so far used in genetic mapping experiments and
the lack of suitable multivariate methodologies have made it impossible to
determine whether the quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected to date
specifically influence fear-related traits. Here we report the first
multivariate analysis to explore the genetic architecture of rodent behavior in
a battery of animal models of anxiety. We have mapped QTLs in an F2 intercross
of two rat strains, the Roman high and low avoidance rats, that have been
selectively bred for differential response to fear. Multivariate analyses show
that one locus, on rat chromosome 5, influences behavior in different models of
anxiety. The QTL influences two-way active avoidance, conditioned fear, elevated
plus maze, and open field activity but not acoustic startle response or
defecation in a novel environment. The direction of effects of the QTL alleles
and a coincidence between the behavioral profiles of anxiolytic drug and genetic
action are consistent with the QTL containing at least one gene with a
pleiotropic action on fear responses. As the neural basis of fear is conserved
across species, we suggest that the QTL may have relevance to trait anxiety in
humans.
PMID: 11932246 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
155: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 May;25(3):235-60.
A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of
diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field.
Choleris E, Thomas AW, Kavaliers M, Prato FS.
Room 9222D, Department of Psychology, Social Science Center, University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2. choleris@julian.uwo.ca
The open field test (OFT) is a widely used procedure for examining the
behavioral effects of drugs and anxiety. Detailed ethological assessments of
animal behavior are lacking. Here we present a detailed ethological assessment
of the effects of acute treatment with the benzodiazepines, diazepam (DZ,
1.5mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg), as well as exposure to
a non-pharmacological agent, a specific pulsed extremely low frequency magnetic
field (MAG) on open field behavior. We examined the duration, frequency and time
course of various behaviors (i.e. exploration, walk, rear, stretch attend,
return, groom, sit, spin turn, jump and sleep) exhibited by male mice in
different regions of a novel open field. Both DZ and CDP consistently reduced
the typical anxiety-like behaviors of stretch attend and wall-following
(thigmotaxis), along with that of an additional new measure: ‘returns’, without
producing any overall effects on total locomotion. The drugs also differed in
their effects. CDP elicited a shift in the locomotor pattern from a ‘high
explore’ to a ‘high walk’, while DZ mainly elicited alterations in sit and
groom. The MAG treatment was repeated twice with both exposures reducing
horizontal and vertical (rearing) activity and increasing grooming and spin
turns. However, the anxiety-like behaviors of stretch attend and return were
marginally reduced by only the first exposure. We conclude that a detailed
ethological analysis of the OFT allows not only the detection of specific
effects of drugs and non-pharmacological agents (i.e. pulsed magnetic field) on
anxiety-like behaviors, but also permits the examination of non-specific
effects, in particular those on general activity.
PMID: 11378179 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
156: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2001;37(2):213-24.
[Infantile leukemia and exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields: review of
epidemiologic evidence in 2000]
[Article in Italian]
Lagorio S, Salvan A.
Laboratorio di Igiene Ambientale, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma.
We review the epidemiological evidence on childhood leukemia and residential
exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields. The possibility of carcinogenic effects of
power frequency magnetic fields (ELF-EMF), at levels below units of micro tesla
(microT), was first raised in 1979 by a case-control study on childhood cancer
carried out in Denver, USA. In that study, excess risks of total cancer and
leukemia were observed among children living in homes with “high or very high
current configuration”, as categorised on the basis of proximity to electric
lines and transformers. Many other epidemiological studies have been published
since then, characterised by improved–although still not optimal–methods of
exposure assessment. At the end of 2000, the epidemiological evidence to support
the association between exposure to extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields and
the risk of childhood leukemia is less consistent than what was observed in the
mid 90s. At the same time, a growing body of experimental evidence has
accumulated against both a direct and a promoting carcinogenic effect of
ELF-EMF. Such “negative” experimental evidence hampers a causal interpretation
of the “positive” epidemiological studies.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11758279 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
157: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Apr;15(7):1206-18.
Contribution of amygdala neurons containing peptides and calcium-binding
proteins to fear-potentiated startle and exploration-related anxiety in inbred
Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.
Yilmazer-Hanke DM, Faber-Zuschratter H, Linke R, Schwegler H.
Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Institut fur Anatomie, Leipziger Strasse 44,
D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany. deniz.yilmazer-hanke@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
The purpose of this study was to investigate amygdala-related fear and anxiety
in two inbred rat lines differing in emotionality (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh), and
to relate the behaviour of the animals to neuronal types in different nuclei of
the amygdala. The behavioural tests used were the motility test, elevated
plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle response. The neurons investigated were
immunoreactive for the anxiogenic peptide corticotropin-releasing factor
(CRF-ir), the anxiolytic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY-ir), and the
calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PARV-ir) and calbindin (CALB-ir). The
NPY-ir, PARV-ir and CALB-ir neurons studied were subpopulations of GABAergic
neurons. RLA/Verh rats, which showed a significant fear-potentiation of the
acoustic startle response, had more CRF-ir projection neurons in the central
nucleus of the amygdala. The same RLA/Verh rats were either less or equally
anxious in the motility test (similar to open field) and elevated plus-maze as
compared with RHA/Verh rats. In accordance with this behaviour, the RLA/Verh
rats had more NPY-ir neurons in the lateral, and more PARV-ir neurons in basal
nuclei of the amygdala than RHA/Verh rats, but no differences were detected in
the number of CRF-ir and CALB-ir neurons of the basolateral complex. In
conclusion, the RLA/Verh rats displayed an opposite behaviour in the
fear-potentiated startle model and the exploratory tests measuring anxiety based
on choice behaviour. Thus, the anxiogenic systems in the central nucleus and
anxiolytic systems in the basolateral complex of the amygdala might be
differentially involved in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm and exploratory
tests in the Roman rat lines.
PMID: 11982631 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
158: Lik Sprava. 1998 Oct-Nov;(7):71-3.
[The effect of ultrahigh-frequency radiation on adaptation thresholds and the
damages to blood system cells]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Obukhan KI.
Cytologic investigations designed to study bone marrow, peripheral blood,
spleen, and thymus of albino rats irradiated by an electromagnetic field, 2375,
2450, and 3000 MEGS, revealed structural and functional changes in populations
of megakaryocytes, immunocompetent cells as well as of undifferentiated cells,
and of other types of cells that are dependent on the intensity of irradiation
and permit establishing the probability-threshold levels of exposure taking
account of reactions of perception and physiologic adaptation together with
compensatory and regenerative processes and the injury sustained. It is shown
that changes in bone marrow cells differentiation and reproduction rather than
integral shifts in the peripheral blood that acquire the utmost significance.
Subjected to a particular scrutiny in the paper are blast cells, which cells’
repopulation was noted to be getting increased in low-intensity exposure as were
disturbances in their mitosis pattern.
PMID: 10050464 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
159: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1999 Mar-Apr;49(2):321-30.
[Changes in the behavior and EEG of rats administered penicillin and a
physiological solution into the amygdalar basal nuclei]
[Article in Russian]
Pankova NB, Kryzhanovskii GN, Kuznetsov IuB, Latanov AV.
Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow.
Three weeks after implantation of the electrodes for EEG recording,
hyperactivation of the basal nucleus of rat’s amygdala was produced by a local
injection of penicillin (0.5 mcl, 1% solution). Saline injection of the same
volume served as control. The hyperactivation of the amygdala resulted in a
long-lasting (at least for 3 weeks) increase in the locomotor activity against
the background and deficit in exploratory behavior and rise of the level of
anxiety and fear. The behavioral changes were accompanied by a long-term
disruption of the hippocampal theta rhythm, appearance and slowing of the
immobility-related high-voltage spindles, and increase in the EEG dominant
frequency in the state of emotional tension. Saline injection led to a
short-time (up to 1 week) decrease in locomotor and exploratory activity and
increase in anxiety. These phenomena were accompanied by a short-time disruption
of the theta rhythm and appearance of the 10-13-Hz oscillations characteristic
for the state of emotional tension.
PMID: 10486901 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
160: Pol J Pharmacol. 2001 May-Jun;53(3):235-43.
Examination of the influence of 3,5-DHPG on behavioral activity of angiotensin
II.
Holy Z, Wisniewski K.
Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland.
The effects of the class I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) stimulation
on the behavioral activity of angiotensin II (Ang II) was investigated in the
present study. The experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats.
Stimulation of the group I of mGluR receptors was evoked by icv injection of
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) at the dose of 0.01 and 1 nmol per
rat. Fifteen minutes later, the animals were given icv solution containing 1
nmol of Ang II. Memory motivated affectively was evaluated in passive avoidance
and active avoidance responses (CARs). Moreover, the speculative influence of
the treatment on anxiety and motor activity was tested in elevated plus-maze and
in open field, respectively. We observed that both compounds did not have
statistically significant influence on motor activity of rats in open field
test. However, 3,5-DHPG at the dose of 0.01 nmol given alone and combined with
Ang II tended to increase locomotor activity. 3,5-DHPG, given alone,
significantly facilitated consolidation process in a passive avoidance situation
(only at the dose of 0.01 nmol) but had no influence on acquisition and recall
of information. Examination of the influence of 3,5-DHPG on the acquisition and
extinction of CAR proved that it did not alter acquisition and extinction of
these responses. In the elevated plus-maze, 3,5-DHPG had anxiogenic-like
profile. Ang II, as repeatedly shown before, greatly increased passive avoidance
latency, rate of acquisition of CARs and decreased their extinction. On the
other hand, Ang II induced anxiolytic-like effect in elevated plus-maze. The
pre-treatment of rats with 3,5-DHPG tended to attenuate behavioral effects of
the Ang II administration.
PMID: 11785924 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
161: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 May;155(3):251-9.
Effects of central noradrenaline depletion by the selective neurotoxin DSP-4 on
the behaviour of the isolated rat in the elevated plus maze and water maze.
Lapiz MD, Mateo Y, Durkin S, Parker T, Marsden CA.
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s
Medical Centre, UK.
RATIONALE: Social isolation of the rat from weaning influences behaviour
following central noradrenaline (NA) depletion by the selective neurotoxin
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4). OBJECTIVES: The study
characterised the effects of DSP-4 on the behaviour of isolates in the elevated
plus maze and water maze. METHODS: Male Lister hooded rats were reared singly or
in groups after weaning. Two weeks postweaning, the rats were injected with
DSP-4 (25 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. From week 4, rats were tested in the plus maze
and in the water maze. RESULTS: DSP-4 significantly reduced cortical and
hippocampal NA but had no effect on hypothalamic NA. Isolation rearing alone had
no significant effects on behaviour in the elevated plus maze but enhanced
retention of platform placement in the water maze as measured by increased
entries to the platform annulus during the probe test. DSP-4 in group-reared
rats increased activity in the open arms and increased general activity in the
elevated plus maze with no effect on water maze performance. DSP-4-treated
isolates spent less time in the open arms and were hypoactive in the plus maze
compared to group-reared DSP-4-treated rats, and had impaired retention of
spatial memory in the water maze compared to isolate controls. CONCLUSIONS:
DSP-4 treatment had an ‘anxiolytic’ effect in group-reared rats in the elevated
plus maze. In the water maze, isolation rearing enhanced retention of spatial
information, an effect normalised by NA depletion. The results demonstrate the
importance of noradrenergic function in the regulation of responsiveness to
environmental cues.
PMID: 11432687 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
162: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Feb 1;129(1-2):203-10.
Does head-only exposure to GSM-900 electromagnetic fields affect the performance
of rats in spatial learning tasks?
Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM.
Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l’Apprentissage, de la Memoire, et de la
Communication, CNRS-UMR 8620, bat. 446, Universite Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
diane.dubreuil@ibaic.u-psud.fr
The rapid expansion of mobile communication has generated intense interest, but
has also fuelled ongoing concerns. In both humans and animals, radiofrequency
radiations are suspected to affect cognitive functions. More specifically,
several studies performed in rodents have suggested that spatial learning can be
impaired by electromagnetic field exposure. However, none of these previous
studies have simulated the common conditions of GSM mobile phones use. This
study is the first using a head-only exposure system emitting a 900-MHz GSM
electromagnetic field (pulsed at 217 Hz). The two behavioural tasks that were
evaluated here have been used previously to demonstrate performance deficits in
spatial learning after electromagnetic field exposure: a classical radial maze
elimination task and a spatial navigation task in an open-field arena (dry-land
version of the Morris water maze). The performances of rats exposed for 45 min
to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field (1 and 3.5 W/kg) were compared to those of
sham-exposed and cage-control rats. There were no differences among exposed,
sham, and cage-control rats in the two spatial learning tasks. The discussion
focuses on the potential reasons that led previous studies to conclude that
learning deficits do occur after electromagnetic field exposure.
PMID: 11809512 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
163: Behav Brain Res. 2002 May 14;132(2):135-43.
Behavioral profile of rats submitted to session 1-session 2 in the elevated
plus-maze during diurnal/nocturnal phases and under different illumination
conditions.
Bertoglio LJ, Carobrez AP.
Departamento de Farmacologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua
Ferreira Lima 82, Florianopolis, SC 88015-420, Brazil.
The elevated plus-maze (EPM) model usually employs nocturnal species (e.g. rats
and mice) and the tests are almost exclusively performed during the diurnal
phase (lights on), leading some laboratories to perform experiments with animals
under a reversed light cycle to overcome this problem. However, it is
questionable whether the artificial reversal of the light cycle for short
periods guarantees modifications in all the physiological parameters found in
normal subjects. The present study evaluated the session 1-session 2 (S1-S2) EPM
profile in rats during their normal diurnal or nocturnal phase using different
illumination conditions. Prior exposure to the EPM decreased open arm
exploration for all groups in S2, regardless of the circadian phase and
illumination condition; however, this behavior was decreased in subjects tested
during the nocturnal phase, when compared to the diurnal phase. Risk assessment
(RA) behavior was decreased under high illumination for both circadian phases in
S1 and increased in the first minute of S2, when compared to the last minute of
S1. Although open arm exploration and RA behavior were decreased under high
illumination, when compared to low illumination conditions in both circadian
phases, general locomotor activity was only decreased during the nocturnal
phase. The results are discussed in terms of circadian variations in the
behavioral profile and as a possible source of variability in pre-clinical
models of anxiety.
PMID: 11997144 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
164: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Apr;76(4):489-501.
Low-power electromagnetic stimulation of osteotomized rabbit fibulae. A
randomized, blinded study.
Pienkowski D, Pollack SR, Brighton CT, Griffith NJ.
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether low-power-consuming
symmetrical-waveform electromagnetic stimuli could increase the stiffness of
fracture sites in a rabbit fibular-osteotomy model. Both active and placebo
devices were used in a blinded study protocol. Dose-response studies of pulse
amplitude and pulse width were performed by continuous application (twenty-four
hours a day) of repetitive (fifteen-hertz), bursted (five-millisecond-long)
symmetrical, rectangular electromagnetic stimulus waveforms. The power consumed
by these stimuli is approximately one-fifth that consumed by the pulsing
electromagnetic field devices that are in current clinical use. Significant
increase of callus bending stiffness was produced by pulse widths of five to
seven microseconds and pulse amplitudes of fifty to 100 millivolts.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 8150816 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
165: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 18;420(1):33-43.
Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and
the underlying mechanism.
Nakamura K, Kurasawa M.
CNS Supporting Laboratory, Nippon Roche Research Center, 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura,
247-8530, Kanagawa, Japan. kazuo.nakmura@roche.com
The anxiolytic effects of aniracetam have not been proven in animals despite its
clinical usefulness for post-stroke anxiety. This study, therefore, aimed to
characterize the anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in different anxiety models
using mice and to examine the mode of action. In a social interaction test in
which all classes (serotonergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic) of compounds were
effective, aniracetam (10-100 mg/kg) increased total social interaction scores
(time and frequency), and the increase in the total social interaction time
mainly reflected an increase in trunk sniffing and following. The anxiolytic
effects were completely blocked by haloperidol and nearly completely by
mecamylamine or ketanserin, suggesting an involvement of nicotinic
acetylcholine, 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors in the anxiolytic mechanism.
Aniracetam also showed anti-anxiety effects in two other anxiety models
(elevated plus-maze and conditioned fear stress tests), whereas diazepam as a
positive control was anxiolytic only in the elevated plus-maze and social
interaction tests. The anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in each model were
mimicked by different metabolites (i.e., p-anisic acid in the elevated plus-maze
test) or specific combinations of metabolites. These results indicate that
aniracetam possesses a wide range of anxiolytic properties, which may be
mediated by an interaction between cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic
systems. Thus, our findings suggest the potential usefulness of aniracetam
against various types of anxiety-related disorders and social
failure/impairments.
PMID: 11412837 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
166: Vrach Delo. 1980 Oct;(10):103-9.
[Biomedical evaluation of electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Serdiuk AM.
PMID: 7434689 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
167: Physiol Bohemoslov. 1981;30(2):149-55.
Contactless method for the continuous and selective study of motor activity in
the laboratory rat.
Rech F.
The author suggests a system for the continuous, direct, long-term recording of
the motor activity of a particular laboratory rat in a group. A pickup of the
animal’s presence and its motor activity in the given space supplies a desired
signal coded by frequency modulation of the carrier frequency. Detection is
effected by a phase lock. The carrier frequency of a controlled oscillator is
altered within small limits by means of inductive coupling between the tuning
coil of the oscillator and a shading ring. The shading ring, which marks the
experimental animal, is oval and is made of thin insulated litz wire sutured in
place subcutaneously on the animal’s back. The coil of the controlled oscillator
surrounds the whole of the space in which motor activity is recorded. As an
example, in a study of maternal behaviour, the presence or absence of the female
in the nest and the motor activity of the lactating female typical of washing
the young and of suckling them are identified and compared with direct
observations.
PMID: 6454153 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
168: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1976 Oct;82(10):1163-5.
[Changes in the selfexcitation reaction in rats under the effect of modulated
electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Antimonii GD, Badikov VI, Kel’ AA, Krasnov EA, Sudakov SK.
The effect of electromagnetic field with various modulation frequencies (2, 7,
and 50 hertz) on the reaction of selfstimulation was studied in rats. The
frequency of 2 hertz proved to cause a primary increase in the incidence of the
selstimulation reaction, followed by its depression; the frequency 7 hertz at
first failed to alter the selfstimulation intensity and then led to the gradual
reduction of the incidence of the selfstimulation reaction; the frequency of 50
hertz depressed the selfstimulation reaction practically from the very
beginning. The changes in the selfstimulation reaction were independent of the
localization of the stimulating electrodes, but were determined by the frequency
of the EMF modulation.
PMID: 1029490 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
169: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 May-Jun;42(3):260-7.
[Prediction of the severity of damage and disruption of work ability in reaction
of the body to alcohol load prior to radiation exposure in the superlethal
range]
[Article in Russian]
Darenskaia NG, Korotkevich AO, Maliutina TS, Nasonova TA, Bulgakov AI.
State Research Center-Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health of Russia,
Moscow, 123182 Russia.
In experiments on 121 white non-linear rats, 44 Papio hamadryas and 29 Macaca
fascicularis, animals’ reactions on the alcohol impact (AI) and following
exposure to supralethal doses were compared. The animals were intravenously
injected with 5% ethanol in the glucose solution, 2.1 g/kg for rats and
0.46-0.51 g/kg for monkeys. Monkeys’ response to AI was scored in four-point
scale by estimating of abnormalities in motor activity, coordination of motion
and changes in conditioned reflex activity. It was shown that changes in the
ability of alcohol-injected rats to perform the learnt exercises in the “jump
box” could be used for prediction of their response to the exposure to
supralethal doses of ionizing radiation. Observing the AI-response in monkeys
along with a method “function of spying for moving object” made possible to
predict not only a general degree of loss of working ability but also to
estimate individual impairments of spying functions. In 65% monkeys high
similarity of the reactions to AI and ionizing radiation was observed.
PMID: 12125263 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
170: Physiol Behav. 2001 Jan;72(1-2):99-106.
Influence of circadian phase and test illumination on pre-clinical models of
anxiety.
Jones N, King SM.
Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, UK. nick@psychol.ucl.ac.uk
Pre-clinical models of anxiety, particularly the elevated plus-maze (EPM), have
been shown to be sensitive to a variety of methodological variations. Recent
research has implicated circadian phase of testing in influencing the
behavioural profile of 5-HT(1A) ligands on the EPM. The present study
investigated the effects of testing animals during the dark and light phases and
in light and subjective dark test conditions on baseline behaviour in animal
models of anxiety. Eighty singly housed male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to
a battery of unconditioned, exploratory tests (EPM, open field arena, holeboard)
and a new model of extreme anxiety, the unstable elevated exposed plus-maze
(UEEPM). Circadian phase of testing failed to consistently alter behaviour on
any model. Level of test illumination had no effect on subjects’ response to the
open field arena, holeboard or UEEPM. Dark testing increased locomotor activity
on the EPM (total arm entries, closed arm entries and distance moved) without
decreasing open-arm avoidance. The construct of anxiety as measured by a number
of different paradigms withstood major intra-laboratory manipulation of
circadian phase of testing and illumination of apparatus. It is suggested that
the effects of circadian rhythmicity may be confined to the behavioural profiles
of serotonergic, particularly 5-HT(1A), ligands on the EPM.
PMID: 11239986 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
171: Brain Res. 2001 Jun 1;902(2):135-42.
Antagonism of CRF(2) receptors produces anxiolytic behavior in animal models of
anxiety.
Takahashi LK, Ho SP, Livanov V, Graciani N, Arneric SP.
Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA.
lkt@hawaii.edu
Two pharmacologically distinct CRF receptors are distributed in different brain
regions and peripheral tissues. Studies suggest that CRF(1) receptors play an
important role in mediating the anxiety provoking effects of CRF. In contrast,
far less functional information is available on CRF(2) receptors. Therefore, we
conducted dose response studies using antisauvagine-30 (anti-SVG-30, 0-20
microg, 20-min pretreatment, i.c.v.), a potent CRF(2) peptide antagonist, and
tested rats in three models of anxiety – the conditioned freezing, the elevated
plus maze, and the defensive-withdrawal test. Anti-SVG-30 produced a significant
dose-dependent reduction in conditioned freezing. In the elevated plus maze
test, administration of anti-SVG-30 effectively increased the number of entries
and time spent in the open arms. In the defensive-withdrawal test, anti-SVG-30
treatment facilitated exploratory activity in a large illuminated open field.
Thus, in all three animal models, administration of anti-SVG-30 was consistent
in producing an anxiolytic-like behavioral effect. In addition, a dose of
anti-SVG-30 (10 microg) that produced anxiolytic-like behavior had no
significant effects on locomotor activity measured in an automated activity box.
This latter finding suggests that antagonism of CRF(2) receptors is not
associated with a non-specific increase in behavioral movements. These results
provide evidence that, in addition to CRF(1) receptors, CRF(2) receptors may
play an important role in the mediation of anxiety behavior.
PMID: 11384606 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
172: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;10(1):18-25.
Anxiolytic effects of mecamylamine in two animal models of anxiety.
Newman MB, Manresa JJ, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD.
Center for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of
South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA.
Clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that mecamylamine, a nicotinic
receptor antagonist, may have anxiolytic properties. The purpose of this study
was to further investigate the anxiolytic properties of mecamylamine in rats as
measured by the Elevated Plus Maze and the Social Interaction models of anxiety
and to determine if manipulation of the testing environment (either brightly lit
or dimly lit conditions) influenced the results. Results indicated that
mecamylamine had significant anxiolytic effects in both the Elevated Plus Maze
and Social Interaction Tests and that these effects were dependent on dose
administered and the level of anxiety produced under different testing
conditions. If confirmed by further clinical research, nicotinic receptor
antagonists like mecamylamine may represent a novel class of anxiolytics.
PMID: 11866248 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
173: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Nov-Dec;50(6):991-8.
[Characteristics of behavior of knockout mice with genetic monoamine oxidase A
deficiency]
[Article in Russian]
Popova NK, Skrinskaia IuA, Amstislavskaia TG, Vishnivetskaia GB, Seif I, De
Mayer E.
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian
Branch, Novosibirsk.
The effect of deletion of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) in the gene encoding on
behavior of transgenic Tg8 mice was studied. A decrease in the amplitude of
acoustic startle reflex rather than the prepulse inhibition was found in lacking
MAO A Tg8 mice, as compared with the control C3H strain. The exploratory
activity in the hole-board test in Tg8 was decreased as well as the number of
crossed lines in the light-dark test. Tg8 mice showed decreased latency and
increased intensity of intermale aggression. At the same time, no difference was
found between Tg8 and C3H mice in locomotor activity, in the expression of
sexual motivation, and in the behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. No
predisposition to catalepsy was shown.
PMID: 11190099 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
174: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):80-1.
[Changes in enzyme activity of the lymphocytes in animals in the evaluation of
the adaptive reactions to electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency]
[Article in Russian]
Dyshlovoi VD, Ianovskaia AS, Chaplinskaia TS.
PMID: 2599412 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
175: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Apr 15;132(1):85-93.
Estrogen’s effects on activity, anxiety, and fear in two mouse strains.
Morgan MA, Pfaff DW.
Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, Box 275, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Estrogen has effects on activity levels and emotional reactivity in both humans
and rats. In a recent study conducted in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 (C57) mice
we found that treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) increased anxiety, fear
learning, and running wheel activity relative to vehicle control (Veh). The
present study was conducted to examine the stability of these findings across
mouse strains (C57 and Swiss-Webster; SW), to get a better sense of the
magnitude of the anxiety response by reducing baseline anxiety levels, and to
discover if EB affects activity levels in a safe environment other than the
home-cage running wheel. Mice of both strains treated with EB (s.c. implant, 25
microg in sesame oil, which enters the body over 5 weeks) were more anxious than
Veh animals in the open field, elevated plus, and dark-light transition tests.
SW animals were less anxious than C57 in the elevated plus. EB-treated animals
of both strains were more active in the running wheel than Veh animals, and more
active in the test of spontaneous activity in the home cage. EB-treatment also
increased fear learning in a step-down avoidance task. EB appears to have a
consistent but moderate effect in elevating anxiety and in increasing fear
learning in two strains of mice. It is also involved in increasing activity in
two different types of locomotion in the safer home cage. We conclude that these
results of increased anxiety/fear and increased activity are suggestive of a
general increase in arousal, with both sets of responses increasing the
likelihood of reproductive behaviors occurring only when the environment
predicts success.
PMID: 11853861 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
176: Med Pregl. 2001 Mar-Apr;54(3-4):119-27.
Morphophysiological status of rat thyroid gland after subchronic exposure to low
frequency electromagnetic field.
[Article in English, Croatian]
Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Lukac T, Gledic D, Babic L, Lazetic B.
Institut za biologiju, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, 21000 Novi Sad.
vesnar@unsim.ns.ac.yu
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of low-frequency
electromagnetic field on male rat thyroid gland of Mill Hill strain. Animals
were exposed to 50 Hz frequency, of decaying intensity from 500 microT to 50
microT and 10 V/m field, beginning 24 hours after birth, 7 hours a day, 5 days a
week during three months. Results of histological and stereological analysis
showed increased volume density of thyroid follicles, decreased thickness of the
follicular epithelium, intrafollicular colloid content in lumen, decreased
thyroid activation index, increased volume density of parafollicular cells,
decreased volume of interfollicular connective tissue and increased number of
degranulated mast cells in exposed animals in regard to control animals.
Radioimmunologic assays were used to examine thyroid hormone concentrations in
the blood serum revealing decrease of the total T4 as well as of total T3 in
animals exposed to electromagnetic field in regard to controls. The obtained
results show that a three month-exposition of animals to low frequency
electromagnetic field led to morphofunctional alterations of the thyroid gland
that can be referred to as reduced activity of the gland.
PMID: 11759202 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
177: J Microw Power. 1976 Jun;11(2):145-6.
Proceedings: Comparative study of the action of three types of microwave fields
upon the behavior of the white rat.
Servantie B, Gillard J, Servantie AM, Obrenovitch J, Bertharion G, Perrin JC,
Creton B.
PMID: 1047672 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
178: Lik Sprava. 1993 Jan;(1):65-9.
[Changes in the immune status under the influence of high-frequency
electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Dumanskii IuD, Nogachevskaia SI.
Experiments on white rats showed that electromagnetic radiation (24 MHz, 400 W/m
and 20 W/m) caused leucopenia, reduction of E and EAC rosette formation of
lymphocytes, functional activity of neutrophils within 2 months of radiation. No
immunosuppressive effect was seen with 24 MHz, 100 W/m radiation, while 400 W/m
inhibited E-rosette formation in the presence of tissue antigens.
PMID: 8379142 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
179: Neuropsychobiology. 2001;43(3):192-9.
Dopaminergic lateralisation in the forebrain: relations to behavioural
asymmetries and anxiety in male Wistar rats.
Thiel CM, Schwarting RK.
Institute of Physiological Psychology I, Heinrich-Heine-University of
Dusseldorf, Germany.
Neurochemical lateralisation has been demonstrated in dopaminergic systems in
the rat brain, and it has been suggested that such lateralisation might
contribute to asymmetric and emotional behaviour. Here, we investigated
dopaminergic brain lateralisation in relation to spontaneous and drug-induced
behavioural asymmetries, and to emotional behaviour in a sample of 24 male
Wistar rats. Asymmetric behaviour was measured in the open field in the
undrugged state and after a systemic challenge with the muscarinic receptor
antagonist scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg). Emotional behaviour was measured in the
elevated plus-maze. Dopaminergic lateralisation was assessed by means of a
post-mortem analysis of tissue dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid
(DOPAC) content. We found higher DOPAC/DA ratios in the neostriatum, ventral
striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala of the right hemisphere. In the open
field, the complete sample of rats did not show a left/right asymmetry in
spontaneous behaviour, whereas systemic scopolamine induced a left-sided
preference in thigmotactic scanning. A correlational analysis yielded individual
relationships between behaviour and post-mortem neurochemistry, since
lateralisation of DOPAC/DA ratios in favour of the right ventral striatum was
related to right-side thigmotaxis. Furthermore, a right dopaminergic
lateralisation in the frontal cortex was associated with lower anxiety. The
study indicates that asymmetries in ventral striatal dopamine might contribute
to side preferences in thigmotactic scanning while frontal dopaminergic
lateralisation might influence emotional processing. Copyright 2001 S. Karger
AG, Basel
PMID: 11287799 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
180: Pharmacol Res. 2001 Oct;44(4):329-35.
Baclofen prevents hypoxia-induced consolidation impairment for passive avoidance
in rats.
Car H, Oksztel R, Nadlewska A, Wisniewski K.
Medical Academy of Bialystok, Department of Pharmacology, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222
Bialystok, Poland.
We investigated the effects of baclofen, a selective GABA-B receptor agonist, on
certain behaviours in rats after short-term hypoxia, as a model of
experimentally induced amnesia. Baclofen given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a
dose of 0.25 mg kg(-1) increased the number of crossings and bar approaches in
the open field, but was ineffective in the passive avoidance tests; it also
shortened the time spent in open arms and reduced the number of open arms
entries in an elevated ‘plus’ maze, being a measure of anxiety. Hypoxia (2% O2,
98% N2) within 4 min profoundly impaired locomotor activity, consolidation and
retrieval of conditioned responses, and exhibited a proaxiogenic effect in the
elevated ‘plus’ maze in rats–it reduced the time spent in open arms and the
number of entries to closed and open arms. Baclofen’s effect on locomotor and
exploratory activity was substantially impaired after hypoxia, i.e. rats
exhibited a significant reduction in those activities. This agonist of GABA-B
receptor used before hypoxia significantly improved consolidation, but had no
effect on retrieval. In the elevated ‘plus’ maze rats pre-treated with baclofen
and then subjected to hypoxia prolonged the time spent in open arms, reduced the
time spent in closed arms, and increased the number of entries to the arms, i.e.
exhibited anxiolytic effect. We conclude, therefore, that baclofen improved
consolidation of passive avoidance in rats undergoing hypoxia. Copyright 2001
Academic Press.
PMID: 11592869 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
181: Physiol Behav. 2002 Feb 1-15;75(1-2):15-23.
Spatial memory deficit and emotional abnormality in OLETF rats.
Li XL, Aou S, Hori T, Oomura Y.
Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Kyushu University 60, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is deeply involved in the control of learning and
emotional behaviors. The authors characterize the behavioral properties of
Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which lack the CCK-A receptor
because of a genetic abnormality. In the Morris water-maze task, the OLETF rats
showed an impaired spatial memory. In the inhibitory avoidance test, they showed
facilitating response 24 h after training. Hypoalgesia was observed in a
hot-plate test. In the elevated plus-maze and food neophobia test, OLETF rats
showed an anxiety-like response. In addition, OLETF rats were hypoactive in the
Morris water-maze and the elevated plus-maze. The results suggest that the OLETF
rats showed a spatial memory deficit, hypoactivity and anxiety due, at least in
part, to the lack of CCK-A receptors.
PMID: 11890948 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
182: Neuropeptides. 2001 Apr;35(2):100-9.
The effects of CRA 1000, a non-peptide antagonist of corticotropin-releasing
factor receptor type 1, on adaptive behaviour in the rat.
Harro J, Tonissaar M, Eller M.
Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia. jharro@ut.ee
Intracerebrally administered CRF has been demonstrated to elicit several
behavioural deficits in novel and potentially stressful experimental paradigms,
and to promote activity in familiar situations. This study examined the effect
of CRA 1000, a novel non-peptide antagonist of CRF(1)receptors, on rat behaviour
in tests of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity and novelty-oriented
behaviour. CRA 1000 (1.25-10 mg/kg) had no major effect in elevated plus-maze
and social interaction tests. However, CRA 1000 (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced
immobility in the forced swimming test, suggesting an antidepressant-like
effect. In the exploration box test, CRA 1000 (1.25 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic
effect on rat exploratory behaviour both in intact rats and after lesioning of
the projections of locus coeruleus by DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) treatment. A higher dose
of CRA 1000 (5 mg/kg) tended to have anxiolytic-like effects in DSP-4 pretreated
rats, but in intact animals this dose prevented the increase in exploration
which develops with repeated exposure to initially anxiety-provoking situations.
Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that CRF1 receptor blockade by CRA
1000 has antidepressant-like effects, does not have a robust anti-anxiety effect
in non-stressed animals, but does have anxiolytic-like effects in more complex
tasks, which can be observed also after denervation of the locus coeruleus
projections. However, large doses of CRF1 receptor antagonists may reduce
motivation of exploratory behaviour in familiar environments. Copyright 2001
Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
PMID: 11384205 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
183: In Vivo. 2001 Nov-Dec;15(6):489-94.
In vivo modulation of ETS genes induced by electromagnetic fields.
Mucci N, Ianni A, Ursini CL, Arzani D, Bhat NK, Navarra P, Romano-Spica V.
Department of Occupational Medicine, I.S.P.E.S.L., Rome, Italy.
We have previously shown that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure induces ETS1
oncogene overexpression in different cell lines. In order to investigate in vivo
EMF effects, BALB/c mice were exposed at different times to 50 MHz radiation,
modulated (80%) at 16 Hz. The exposed and control animals were sacrificed and
the spleen excised for rt-pcr and western blot analysis. We observed an increase
in ETS1 mRNA and protein expression, but a decrease in ETS2 protein levels.
Preliminary results from this experimental model show in vivo evidence of the
effect of EMF on ETS oncogene expression.
PMID: 11887334 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
184: Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):286.
Comment on:
Toxicol Pathol. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):267-78.
Toxicol Pathol. 1999
May-Jun;27(3):279-85.
Rodent carcinogenicity studies on magnetic fields.
Schwetz B.
FDA (HF-32), Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 10356704 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
185: Exp Neurol. 2001 May;169(1):96-104.
Enhanced excitability induced by ionizing radiation in the kindled rat.
Jenrow KA, Ratkewicz AE, Elisevich KV.
Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit,
Michigan, 48202, USA.
Evidence derived from both clinical and experimental investigations has
suggested an influence of ionizing radiation on focal epileptogenicity. To
better characterize this influence we applied focal ionizing radiation to a
kindled epileptic focus in the rat amygdala. The right and left basolateral
amygdala and right frontal cortex were implanted with concentric bipolar
electrodes. Rats were kindled through a minimum of 10 stage 5 seizures by
afterdischarge-threshold electrostimulation of the left amygdala, after which
generalized seizure thresholds were determined prior to irradiation. The left
amygdala was exposed to single-fraction central-axis doses of either 18 or 25 Gy
using a beam-collimated (60)Co source (1.25 MeV). Generalized seizure thresholds
were then redetermined at weekly intervals for 10 weeks and at monthly intervals
for an additional 3 months. We observed no significant changes in seizure
threshold during the postirradiation interval; however, we did observe
persistent changes in seizure dynamics manifesting within the first week
postirradiation. These consisted of an increased tendency for seizure activity
to propagate into brain stem circuits during the primary ictus (i.e., “running
fits”) and an increased tendency for secondary convulsions to emerge
postictally. These effects involving seizure dynamics have not been reported
previously and appear to represent a radiation-induced disinhibition of one or
more neural circuits. The disparity between these effects and earlier reports of
seizure-suppressive effects resulting from analogous radiation exposures is
discussed in relation to kindling and status epilepticus-induced pathogenesis
within the hippocampus. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
PMID: 11312562 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
186: Acta Physiol Pol. 1975 Sep-Oct;26(5):523-7.
Changes in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in
radiation-sickness. Effect of x-ray radiation on pharmacodynamic activity of
nitrazepam in animals.
Szczawinska K, Chodera A, Wojciak Z, Kozaryn I.
PMID: 1224989 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
187: Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2001 Nov;11(65):447-51.
[Immunotropic effects of electromagnetic fields in the range of radio- and
microwave frequencies]
[Article in Polish]
Dabrowski MP, Stankiewicz W, Sobiczewska E, Szmigielski S.
Zaklad Ochrony Mikrofalowej Wojskowego Instytutu Higieny i Epidemiologii w
Warszawie.
On the grounds of reviewed literature and the results of own experiments, the
authors present current views on the possible immunotropic influence of low
energy electromagnetic fields, in the range of radio- and microwave frequencies.
They conclude, that a more systematic and multidisciplinary investigations
should be undertaken, comprising the wide spectrum of immune homeostatic tasks,
including defensive, immunoregulatory and pro-regenerative capabilities of
immune system exposed to rapid environmental spread of different electromagnetic
emitters.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11852821 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
188: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 May-Jun;37(3):328-35.
[The dependence of the biological effect of electron radiation on the pulse
repetition rate. The dependence of mortality and life span in rats on the
radiation dose and pulse repetition rate]
[Article in Russian]
Darenskaia NG, Nasonova TA, Aleshin SN, Vainer EA, Grinev MP.
Quantitative regularities have been established for mortality and life-span of
rats in relation to the pulse recurrence frequency (3-2400 s-1) of electron
radiation with electron energies of 25 and 50 MeV. Electrons with pulse
recurrence frequencies of 600 and 1200 s-1 have shown a higher biological
effectiveness.
PMID: 9244519 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
189: Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999 Sep;1(5):281-4.
Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits
food intake and produces anxiety-like behaviour at very low doses in mice.
Momose K, Inui A, Asakawa A, Ueno N, Nakajima M, Fujimiya M, Kasuga M.
Metabolic Disease Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug
Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan.
AIM: Previous studies have demonstrated that corticotropin-releasing factor
(CRF) produces behavioural, physiological and immunological responses similar to
those induced by stress. However, these findings have been validated largely in
laboratory rats. METHODS: We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular
(i.c.v.) administration of CRF on anxiety and food intake in mice. Using the
elevated-plus maze, we measured anxiety levels after i.c.v. CRF in mice. We also
measured food intake for 2 h after i.c.v. CRF. RESULTS: CRF increased the normal
preference for the closed arms of the maze at a very low dose of 3 pmol,
indicating an anxiogenic effect. CRF powerfully suppressed food intake at the
doses of 3-300 pmol for over 2 h. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that
i.c.v. CRF evokes anxiogenic behaviour and suppresses feeding with the same
dose-response relationships in mice. CRF may thus play a role in integrating the
overall responses to stress through co-ordinated actions in the brain of this
species.
PMID: 11225639 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
190: Biofizika. 1999 Sep-Oct;44(5):931-2.
[Change in the percent of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme level in testes of
animals exposed to superhigh frequency radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Afromeev VI, Tkachenko VN.
Research Production Venture Stek, Tula, Russia.
The content of six lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in testes of rats exposed to
electromagnetic field of 3-cm wavelength range was studied. The changes in their
percent contents were found to be inhomogeneous compared with control. It is
assumed that electromagnetic radiation affects the organs of the human
urinogenital system. The results can be used for estimating the safety of
persons professionally exposed to electromagnetic radiation of the industrial
frequency range and in the therapy of diseases of the urinogenital system.
PMID: 10624539 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
191: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1999 Mar;50(1):5-11.
Animal study on electromagnetic field biological potency.
Trosic I, Matausicpisl M, Radalj Z, Prlic I.
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
itrosic@imi.hr
This recent basic research study used an animal model protocol to assess
specific biomarkers of the effect of non-ionising, non-thermal radiation (2450
MHz microwave radiation at 5-15 mW/cm2) on bone marrow, peripheral blood, and
bronchoalveolar free cell populations. Of 40 male Wistar rats taken in the
study, 20 animals of the experimental group were irradiated for 2 hours a day, 5
days a week, and subsequently killed on days 1, 8, 16, and 30 of the experiment.
The remaining 20 rats served as control. All animals were previously
intratracheally instilled with biologically inert microspheres to see the
influence of irradiation on lung retention kinetics. The cell response to chosen
electromagnetic irradiation was followed quantitatively and qualitatively using
the standard laboratory methods. The results of peripheral blood cell response
suggested a decreasing tendency in total leukocyte count and in relative
lymphocyte count in the treated group. A slight increase was also observed in
granulocyte count and in the absolute count of peripheral blood erythrocytes
over control animals.
PMID: 10457649 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
192: Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16(5):335-6; discussion 337-8.
Do rats show a behavioral sensitivity to low-level magnetic fields?
Stern S.
Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
PMID: 8554636 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
193: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Jan;23(1):68-82.
Health and safety implications of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the
frequency range 300 Hz to 10 MHz.
Litvak E, Foster KR, Repacholi MH.
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
An international seminar on health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields
(EMF) in the frequency range from 300 Hz to 10 MHz (referred to as the
Intermediate Frequency (IF) range) was held in Maastricht, Netherlands, on 7-8
June 1999. The seminar, organized under the International EMF Project, was
sponsored jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and the Government of
the Netherlands. This report does not attempt to summarize all of the material
presented at the conference, but focuses on sources of exposure, biophysical and
dosimetric considerations pertinent to extrapolating biological data from other
frequency ranges to IF and identifies potential health concerns and needs for
developing exposure guidelines. This paper is based on presentations at the
conference and reports of working groups consisting of the speakers and other
experts. It concludes with recommendations for further research aimed at
improving health risk assessments in this frequency range. Copyright 2002
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Publication Types:
Congresses
PMID: 11793407 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
194: Eur J Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;80(8):562-6.
Stimulation of phagocytosis and free radical production in murine macrophages by
50 Hz electromagnetic fields.
Simko M, Droste S, Kriehuber R, Weiss DG.
University of Rostock, Institute of Cell Biology and Biosystems Technology,
Division of Environmental Physiology, Germany.
myrtill.simko@biologie.uni-rostock.de
Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on phagocytosis and free radical
production were examined in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Macrophages
were in vitro exposed to electromagnetic fields using different magnetic field
densities (0.5-1.5 mT). Short-time exposure (45 min) to electromagnetic fields
resulted in significantly increased phagocytic uptake (36.3% +/- 15.1%) as
quantified by measuring the internalization rate of latex beads. Stimulation
with 1 nM 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) showed the same increased
phagocytic activity as 1 mT electromagnetic fields. However, co-exposure to
electromagnetic fields and TPA showed no further increase of bead uptake, and
therefore we concluded that because of the absence of additive effects, the
electromagnetic fields-induced stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived
macrophages does not involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway.
Furthermore, a significant increased superoxide production after exposure to
electromagnetic fields was detected.
PMID: 11561907 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
195: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):700-5.
[Effects of 2375 MHz pulse-modulated microwave radiation on ATPase activity of
the rat muscle actomyosin]
[Article in Russian]
Pashovskina MS, Akoev IG.
Solution of rat muscle actomyosin (AM) was exposed to pulse-modulated microwave.
Carried frequency was 2375 MHz. The rectangular pulse modulation was in the
range of 50-300 pulses per second. It was shown that AM activity was dependent
both on modulation frequency as well as on microwave intensity. It was shown the
frequencies of modulation which were changed ATP-ase activity of AM.
PMID: 9019280 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
196: Science. 1983 Jun 17;220(4603):1283-5.
Pulsing electromagnetic fields induce cellular transcription.
Goodman R, Bassett CA, Henderson AS.
Weak, pulsing electromagnetic fields can modify biological processes. The
hypothesis that responses to such induced currents depend on pulse
characteristics was evaluated by using transcription as the target process. Two
pulses in clinical use, the repetitive single pulse and the repetitive pulse
train, were tested. These pulses produced different results from each other and
from controls when transcription in dipteran salivary gland cells was monitored
with tritiated uridine in transcription autoradiography, cytological nick
translation, and analysis of isolated RNA fractions. The single pulse increased
the specific activity of messenger RNA after 15 and 45 minutes of exposure. The
pulse train increased specific activity only after 45 minutes of exposure.
PMID: 6857248 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
197: Farmakol Toksikol. 1980 Jul-Aug;43(4):334-8.
[Pharmacological characteristics of the tranquilizing action of hydiphen]
[Article in Russian]
Zainkonnikova IV, Val’dman AV, Kozlovskaia MM, Rzhevskaia GF.
Hydiphen–hydrazide of diphenylphosphinylacetic acid–is a new Soviet
tranquilizer having an original spectrum of psychotropic activity. It depresses
an aroused emotional state of fear-anxiety, decreases the state of conflict in
group interaction. It produces neither myorelaxation nor increase in positive
emotions. The drug is not toxic. It possesses the central N-cholinolytic,
antiadrenergic and antiserotonin effects.
PMID: 7439361 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
198: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Jan;23(1):2-6.
Effect of short duration electromagnetic field exposures on rat mass.
Sandrey MA, Vesper DN, Johnson MT, Nindl G, Swez JA, Chamberlain J, Balcavage
WX.
School of Physical Education, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West
Virginia 26506, USA. msandrey@wvu.edu
Daily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements of 65 rats (young males and
females, old males) a proprietary pulsed wound healing field, pulsed
electromagnetic field, (PEMF), or their control fields for 4 h/day for 21 days.
Statistical analysis of mass changes over time showed that young rats exposed to
PEMF lost more mass and recovered it more slowly compared to controls (2-4% more
loss) than did older PEMF exposed rats or any 60 Hz exposed rats. We conclude
that daily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements are needed to
adequately assess the effects of electromagnetic fields on body mass. Copyright
2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11793400 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
199: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):8-11.
[Changes in gastric electric activity and serum catecholamine level under the
influence of electromagnetic microwaves (experimental studies)]
[Article in Russian]
Kulkybaev GA, Pospelov NI.
Chronic experiments on 17 dogs revealed that ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic
waves applied on epigastric area and head induce a double-phase response:
depressed electric activity of gaster and increased total catecholamines level
during exposure, but higher gastric activity and lower levels of epinephrine and
norepinephrine in 24 hours after each of 10 procedures and during 7 days after
10 procedures. Double-phase changes in electric activity of gaster could be
explained by double-phase fluctuations of humoral division in chromaffin system.
PMID: 10881538 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
200: Behav Brain Res. 2001 Aug 1;122(2):169-74.
Vibrissal sense is not the main sensory modality in rat exploratory behavior in
the elevated plus-maze.
Cardenas F, Lamprea MR, Morato S.
Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
Four groups of male Wistar rats were submitted to acute bilateral removal of
mystacial vibrissae at different lengths from the follicle. Each group was
divided into two subgroups, tested under high (150 Lux) and low environmental
illumination (2 Lux). All the subjects were allowed to freely explore an
elevated plus-maze for 5 min. Results indicated that rats tested under low
illumination tended to explore the open arms more frequently and longer then
rats tested under high illumination. When tested under low illumination, rats in
the group that suffered whole vibrissa removal stayed longer in the open arms
than those in the other groups but did not differ in the number of entries. The
average increase in the length of open arm entries, rather than a decrease in
aversion to the open arms, may be due to the need of more time to obtain
information about the environment since there is no light and the vibrissae were
removed. This effect was not seen with rats tested under high illumination,
possibly because vision could be used to obtain relevant information.
PMID: 11334647 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
201: Biofizika. 1995 Sep-Oct;40(5):969-73.
[Modification of reactions of rats to the effect of weak variable magnetic
fields using a stress factor]
[Article in Russian]
Temur’iants NA, Mikhailov AV, Malygina VI.
Stress-factor (hypokinesia) modifies the reaction of the adaptation, which
develops under the changeable magnetic fields influence with 8 Hz frequency and
5 microT induction. It’s being corroborated by the decrease of nonspecific
resistance in the initial adaptation period, by the increase of central nervous
system excitability, by the absence of catecholamines accumulation in the
hypothalamus and in adrenal glands.
PMID: 8555295 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
202: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1995;(7):40-2.
[A neuropharmacological study of amnesia in animals induced by ultra high
frequency electromagnetic irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Iasnetsov VV, Pal’tsev IuP, Popov VM, Levina AV.
PMID: 7551702 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
203: Pol J Pharmacol. 2000 Jul-Aug;52(4):247-54.
3,5-DHPG influences behavioral effects of baclofen in rats.
Car H, Nadlewska A, Wisniewski K.
Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland.
The role of 3,5-DHPG, an agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (I
mGluRs) in certain behavioral effects of baclofen, an agonist of GABA-B
receptor, was assessed. Baclofen, given intraperitoneally (ip) at the dose of
0.25 mg/kg, enhanced the number of crossings and bar approaches in the open
field and was ineffective in the passive avoidance tests, and it prolonged time
spent in closed arms and shortened time spent in open arms, reduced number of
entries into open arms in the elevated “plus” maze, measuring anxiety. 3,5-DHPG
given intracerebroventricularly (icv) alone at doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nmole
did not change locomotor activity in the open field test, except bar approaches:
when 3,5-DHPG was given at the dose of 0.01 nmole it enhanced the activity of
rats. At doses of 0.01 and 1.0 nmole it improved, but at the dose of 0.1 nmole
it significantly impaired retrieval in the passive avoidance situation. All used
doses of 3,5-DHPG did not influence the time spent in closed or open arms and
the number of entries into open or closed arms in the elevated “plus” maze.
3,5-DHPG, given at the doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nmole 10 min after baclofen
significantly changed the effect of baclofen decreasing crossings and rearings
in the open field, while 3,5-DHPG used at the doses of 0.01 and 1.0 nmole in
rats pretreated with baclofen reduced bar approaches. Rats which received
baclofen and, 10 min later, 3,5-DHPG at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 nmole, showed
significantly improved retrieval in the passive avoidance response. The effect
of 3,5-DHPG and baclofen were changed, i.e. 3,5-DHPG and baclofen can cooperate
in retrieval process. Coadministration of baclofen and 3,5-DHPG at the dose of
1.0 nmole reduced time spent in the open arms in comparison with baclofen, i.e.
this dose of 3,5-DHPG changed the effect of baclofen evaluated in the “plus”
maze. Summary, the activation of I mGluR by 3,5-DHPG modulates GABA-B
neurotransmission stimulated by baclofen, which is reflected by changing
behavioral activity of rats.
PMID: 11345480 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
204: Biofizika. 1994 May-Jun;39(3):515-8.
[Controlled effect of an impulse electromagnetic field on the central nervous
system]
[Article in Russian]
Pestriaev VA.
Faint influences of impulses (1 ms) electromagnetic fields (173 A/m) with
dynamic frequency-impulse modulation, which is regulated by feedback from
electrocorticogram, and influences with fixed frequency of impulses run
infra-low range affect on changing of current function state of central nervous
system in different ways, is established. The white rats in the sleep-wake cycle
were used in experiments. Besides, the first regimen of influence is more
effective for changing of character of bioelectrical activity of cortex of head
brain. The second one-for support of current processes of synchronization.
PMID: 8043642 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
205: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 14;433(1):91-9.
Increased anxiety and impaired memory in rats 3 months after administration of
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”).
Morley KC, Gallate JE, Hunt GE, Mallet PE, McGregor IS.
Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Male Wistar rats were administered either (a) a high dose regime of
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (4 x 5 mg/kg, i.p. over 4 h on each of
2 consecutive days), (b) a moderate dose regime of MDMA (1 x 5 mg/kg on each of
2 consecutive days), (c) D-amphetamine (4 x 1 mg/kg over 4 h on each of 2 days),
or (d) vehicle injections. The high MDMA dose regime and the amphetamine
treatment both produced acute hyperactivity and hyperthermia. Twelve weeks
later, all rats were tested in the drug-free state on a battery of anxiety tests
(elevated plus maze, emergence and social interaction tests). A further 2 weeks
later they were tested on a novel object recognition memory task. Rats
previously given the neurotoxic dose of MDMA showed greater anxiety-like
behaviour on all three anxiety tests relative to both controls and
D-amphetamine-treated rats. Rats given the moderate MDMA dose regime also showed
increased anxiety-like behaviour on all three tests, although to a lesser extent
than rats in the high dose group. In the object recognition task, rats given the
high MDMA dose regime showed impaired memory relative to all other groups when
tested at a 15-min delay but not at a 60-min delay. Rats previously exposed to
amphetamine did not differ from saline controls in the anxiety or memory tests.
These data suggest that moderate to heavy MDMA exposure over 48 h may lead to
increased anxiety and memory impairment 3 months later, possibly through a
neurotoxic effect on brain serotonin systems.
PMID: 11755138 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
206: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1990 May-Jun;(3):58-66.
[The experimental and clinical aspects of the action of electromagnetic fields
on the endocrine glands and brain]
[Article in Russian]
Bogoliubov VM, Karpukhin IV, Maliavin AG.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 2219822 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
207: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2002 May;79(1):25-31.
The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic
field exposure in rats.
Gokcimen A, Ozguner F, Karaoz E, Ozen S, Aydin G.
Department of Histology and Embryology, S. Demirel University, School of
Medicine, Isparta, Turkey. agokcimen@yahoo.com
In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of melatonin on
morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic fields exposure. Thirty
albino young male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. They were divided
into 3 groups. Control group (C) (n: 10) received daily intraperitoneal
injections of saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5% ethanol for two weeks. Only
magnetic field exposed (MF) group (n: 10); only magnetic field exposed had daily
intraperitoneal injections of physiologic saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5%
ethanol for two weeks. Magnetic field exposed and melatonin treated (MF+m) group
(n: 10); melatonin was dissolved in ethanol with further dilution in
physiological saline. The animals in this group were exposed magnetic fields for
two weeks. The magnetic fields exposed animals had intraperitoneal single dose
of 4 mg/kg melatonin (0.1 ml/100 g) at 10:00 o’clock daily for two weeks
following magnetic fields exposure. We used commercial CB handheld portable
transceiver, Midland (USA) labelled, of 4 Watts, 40 channel. This channel
frequency has been measured 27.17 MHz with frequency counter. According to the
IRPA exposure standards; for 27 MHz, for 6 min, exposure limit is 0.2 mW/cm2.
This value is for General Public. For occupational exposure limit is 1 mW/cm2.
We have to consider General Public exposure limit. Therefore our limit is 0.2
mW/cm2. In other words; in this study; our exposure is always over the
recommended limit. All the animals were decapitated. Liver samples were fixed in
buffered neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were dyed with hematoxylen-eosin.
Sections were examined under light microscopy. In MF group; sinusoidal
dilatations, mixed cell infiltrations noticed in the periportal area, necrosis
and vacuoler degeneration were determined in liver samples. However, parenchymal
and stromal structures were observed to be prevented partially from effects of
magnetic fields in melatonin treated group. In conclusion, it is suggested that
melatonin has a mild preventive effect on magnetic field exposed changes in
liver tissue in the rats.
PMID: 12199535 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
208: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1991 Nov-Dec;25(6):30-3.
[Grooming and motor activity of rats during hyperbaric exposure]
[Article in Russian]
Sledkov AIu.
An experiment was performed in which Wistar male rats were exposed to a N2-O2
atmosphere at 10 kgf/sm2 or He-O2 atmosphere at 10 and 40 kgf/cm2. During the
experiment grooming and motor activity as well as plasma corticosterone were
investigated. Irrespective of the atmosphere composition, behavioural and
biochemical parameters were found to increase significantly. At 10 kgf/cm2, the
grooming frequency returned to normal faster than at a higher pressure. These
observations give evidence for a nonspecific effect of the above hyperbaric
factors on the parameters taken under study.
PMID: 8577160 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
209: Med Pregl. 1997 Sep-Oct;50(9-10):357-62.
[The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine
system]
[Article in Croatian]
Lazetic B, Kozarcic T, Stankov K.
Zavod za fiziologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad.
This paper presents literature data about effects of low-intensity variable
electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system of experimental animals. We
mostly paid attention to electromagnetic fields frequently found in our
environment, in technological processes, even in our everyday life. This study
shows that the regulatory systems (nervous and endocrine) are extremely
sensitive to effects of electromagnetic fields. In regard to structures of the
central nervous system hypothalamus shows particularly high sensitivity whereas
we can consider a hypothesis that effects of this physical factor may be
expected in other systems too. It has been emphasized that the effects of
electromagnetic fields on regulatory mechanisms may be connected with primary
disturbances on the cellular and subcellular (mitochondrial) level.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Academic
PMID: 9471530 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
210: Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 1998;(8):27-32.
[Induction of long-term depression (with anxiety and fear components) by
immunization of rats against pargyline]
[Article in Russian]
Ashmarin IP, Danilova RA, Obukhova MF, Belopol’skaia MV.
The active immunization of albino rats against pargyline (a MAO B inhibitor)
induced the formation of antibody to pargyline and results in deep depressive
changes and fear. These changes were observed within 6 weeks after the first
immunization. Therefore, it opens the possibility to model depression long by
exerting the minimum influences. There was also a long-term modulation of
craving for alcohol.
PMID: 9771127 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
211: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000 Winter;10(4):277-86.
Effects of subchronic methylphenidate hydrochloride administration on the
locomotor and exploratory behavior of prepubertal mice.
Carrey N, McFadyen MP, Brown RE.
Department of Outpatient Psychiatry, IWK-Grace Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada. ncarrey@iwkgrace.ns.ca
The increasing use of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) in children led us to
examine the effects of MPH administration in developing mice. Male CD-1 mice
were administered MPH (40 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or saline daily from postnatal
days 26-32. The mice were then tested from postnatal days 33-37 for locomotion
and exploration in the open field, anxiety in the elevated plus maze, and
learning in the Morris water maze. The results indicate that MPH-pretreated mice
were more exploratory and less fearful in the open field, entering more center
squares than saline controls. MPH-pretreated mice also exhibited less anxiety,
spending more time in the open arm and exhibiting more head dips in the elevated
plus maze than controls. There was no significant difference between MPH and
saline-treated mice in the time taken to find the visible or hidden platform in
the water maze task. The results indicate that treatment with MPH has
significant effects on later behavior, reducing fear and anxiety, and increasing
exploration, but no effect on performance in a spatial learning task.
PMID: 11191688 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
212: Biofizika. 2001 Jul-Aug;46(4):753-60.
[Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity
on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice]
[Article in Russian]
Lushnikov KV, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Cheremis NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.
The modification of indices of the humoral immune response to thymus-dependent
antigen (sheep erythrocytes) after a whole-body exposure of healthy mice to
low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation was studied.
Male NMRI mice were exposed in the far-field zone of horn antenna at a frequency
of 42.0 GHz and energy flux density of 0.15 mW/cm2 under different regimes: once
for 20 min, for 20 min daily during 5 and 20 successive days before
immunization, and for 20 min daily during 5 successive days after immunization
throughout the development of the humoral immune response. The intensity of the
humoral immune response was estimated on day 5 after immunization by the number
of antibody-forming cells of the spleen and antibody titers. Changes in
cellularity of the spleen, thymus and red bone marrow were also assessed. The
indices of humoral immunity and cellularity of lymphoid organs changed
insignificantly after acute exposure and series of 5 exposures before and after
immunization of the animals. However, after repeated exposures for 20 days
before immunization, a statistically significant reduction of thymic cellularity
by 17.5% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in cellularity of the spleen by 14.5% (p <
0.05) were revealed. The results show that low-intensity
extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation with the frequency and energy
flux density used does not influence the humoral immune response intensity in
healthy mice but influences immunogenesis under multiple repeated exposures.
PMID: 11558390 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
213: Biofizika. 2001 Nov-Dec;46(6):1096-102.
[Degranulation of skin mast cells caused by high frequency electromagnetic
irradiation of low intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Popov VI, Rogachevskii VV, Gapeev AB, Khramov RN, Fesenko EE.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.
It was shown by light and electron microscopy that local exposure of the
projection of the MC-8 lao-gun acupuncture point in rat pad to low-intensity
(0.05 mW/cm2) extremely high-frequency (42.0 GHz) electromagnetic radiation
caused a degranulation of derma mast cells. It was suggested that the response
of skin mast cells is an important amplifying mechanism in the chain of events
leading to a systemic response of the organism to low-intensity electromagnetic
radiation.
PMID: 11771285 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
214: Gig Sanit. 1981 Oct;(10):35-8.
[Effect of a superhigh-frequency electromagnetic field on animals of different
ages]
[Article in Russian]
Shutenko OI, Koziarin IP, Shvaiko II.
PMID: 7308758 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
215: Gig Sanit. 1990 Aug;(8):62-3.
[Hygienic standardization of electromagnetic radiation from two-channel
meteorological radar stations]
[Article in Russian]
Nikitina NG, Tomashevskaia LA.
The study was designed to analyze the impact of the combined electromagnetic
fields (EMF) with the wavelength of 10 and 0.8 cm and various levels of energy
current density on the central nervous system, metabolic processes, immune
resistance and reproductive function. Proceeding from the obtained data maximum
allowable levels of EMF produced by the prospective two-channel meteorological++
radars were established.
PMID: 2283071 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
216: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Oct;157(4):388-94.
The effect of glucocorticoids on the anxiolytic efficacy of buspirone.
Haller J, Leveleki C, Halasz J, Baranyi J, Makara GB.
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 67,
1450 Budapest, Hungary. haller@koki.hu
RATIONALE: The serotonergic system and the
hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenocortical axis reciprocally influence each other.
Therefore, the interaction between stress and serotonergic anxiolytics should be
of major concern for both laboratory investigations and clinical treatment.
OBJECTIVES: We have studied the effects of the serotonergic anxiolytic buspirone
in rats in which basal levels of glucocorticoids were low and stable, while
acute stress reactions were inhibited or exogenously induced. METHODS: Rats were
adrenalectomised. Subcutaneous corticosterone pellets maintained basal
glucocorticoid concentrations while acute changes were mimicked by
corticosterone injections. Anxiety was assessed by the social interaction test.
Temporal changes were evaluated by submitting rats to the same manipulations
three times at two-day intervals. RESULTS: Buspirone applied to animals with
stable and low plasma glucocorticoid concentrations induced a dramatic increase
in social interactions. A slight locomotor suppressive effect was also noticed.
The effects of buspirone proved to be stable over time in these animals. Acute
treatment with corticosterone doubled the locomotor suppressive effects of
buspirone and reversed its anxiolytic effects: the buspirone-corticosterone
combination was anxiogenic after the first application. During the second and
third treatment, the impact of corticosterone on buspirone efficacy gradually
decreased, but the combined treatment remained about half as effective in
reducing anxiety as buspirone alone.
PMID: 11605098 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
217: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001 Aug 15;92(1-2):78-84.
Altered emotional behavior in PACAP-type-I-receptor-deficient mice.
Otto C, Martin M, Wolfer DP, Lipp HP, Maldonado R, Schutz G.
Division Molecular Biology of the Cell, German Cancer Research Center, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
PAC1 (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type I receptor) is a
G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the strongly conserved neuropeptide PACAP
(pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide) with a thousandfold higher
affinity than the related peptide VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide). PAC1
shows strong expression in brain areas which have been implicated in the
emotional control of behavior, such as the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the locus
coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray. To assess whether PAC1-mediated signaling
has an impact on emotional behavior, we analysed two different mutant mouse
lines with an ubiquitous or a forebrain-specific inactivation of PAC1 in several
testing paradigms modelling general locomotor activity and anxiety-related
behavior. We clearly demonstrate that mice with a ubiquitous but not with a
forebrain-specific deletion of PAC1 exhibit elevated locomotor activity and
strongly reduced anxiety-like behavior. We could not observe any gross
alteration in circadian rhythmicity nor any enhanced sensitivity towards ethanol
in the mutant mice. We previously demonstrated that PAC1 plays a crucial role in
contextual fear conditioning. Therefore the finding that PAC1-deficient mice
exhibit reduced anxiety is quite exciting, since the receptor and hence its
ligand PACAP seem to be important for both, innate and learned fear.
PMID: 11483244 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
218: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1982 Mar-Apr;16(2):84-7.
[Role of polarization and resonance in assessing the biological effects of
electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Galkin AA.
The dosimetric concept of measurements of electromagnetic radiations (EMR)
during irradiation of biological objects can be realized by methods of
mathematical modelling of EMR interactions with biological objects, which can be
represented as an image of the human body as a uniform ellipsoid of revolution.
The efficient surface of EMR absorption for the models shows a marked resonance
dependence on the radiation frequency. The ratio of the largest to the smallest
axes of the ellipsoid of revolution can be used as a resonance criterion.
Besides, radiation polarization needs to be taken into consideration. This paper
discusses the frequency dependence of the efficient absorption surface for three
major types of radiation polarization. The paper demonstrates an applicability
of the calculation method to the evaluation of the EMR absorbed dose rate.
PMID: 7070047 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
219: Brain Res. 2002 Jul 5;943(1):142-50.
Human urocortin II: mild locomotor suppressive and delayed anxiolytic-like
effects of a novel corticotropin-releasing factor related peptide.
Valdez GR, Inoue K, Koob GF, Rivier J, Vale W, Zorrilla EP.
Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN7, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla,
CA 92037, USA. gvaldez@scripps.edu
Recently, human urocortin II (hUcn II), a member of the corticotropin-releasing
factor (CRF) peptide family, was identified. The following experiments sought to
compare the effects of this novel CRF-related peptide versus those of ovine CRF
(oCRF) on locomotor activation and anxiety-related behavior, using the locomotor
activity test and the elevated plus maze, respectively. To examine locomotor
activity during the active (dark) and inactive (light) phases, rats were
intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg of
hUcn II (n=8/group active; n=6-9/group inactive) or oCRF (n=8/group active;
n=8/group inactive) 2 h after the onset of their respective testing phase and
monitored for 3 (inactive) or 5 (active) h. To compare the effects of
CRF-related peptides on exploration of the elevated plus maze, rats were
pretreated (i.c.v. 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg) with hUcn II (n=7-11/group) or oCRF
(n=7-10/group), 10 min prior to testing. Delayed effects in the elevated plus
maze were examined in rats injected with 1.0 microg of hUcn II (n=8/group) or
oCRF (n=6-8/group), or vehicle (n=8/group) 1, 4 or 6 h before testing. In
contrast to the activational effects of oCRF, hUcn II mildly suppressed
locomotor activity during the inactive phase. hUcn II did not acutely affect
open arm exploration in the elevated plus maze, whereas oCRF decreased this
measure. However, hUcn II increased open arm exploration 4 h after injection.
Thus, hUcn II exhibits mild motor suppressive effects and delayed
anxiolytic-like effects, suggesting a time-dependent role for hUcn II in the
regulation of stress-related behavior.
PMID: 12088848 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
220: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Nov-Dec;51(6):733-42.
[Behavioral analysis of consequences of chronic blockade of NMDA-type glutamate
receptors in the early postnatal period in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Latysheva NV, Raevskii KS.
Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
In view of the hypothesis that glutamatergic dysfunction of brain can underlie
the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (including cognitive deficit), the aim of
this study was to develop a model of cognitive impairment in Wistar male rats
after administration of a noncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist in early
postnatal period. Rat pups were daily subcutaneously injected with 0.05 mg/kg
MK-801 on postnatal days 7-49. On the 27th and 28th days 24 h after the last
previous injection, the MK-801-treated rats demonstrated lower spontaneous
locomotor and exploratory activity in comparison with saline control, however,
they retained the reaction of hyperlocomotion which developed immediately after
the MK-801 administration. In these rats, the anxiety level in the elevated
plus-maze (on the 40th postnatal day) was found to be decreased, and the spatial
learning in food rewarded task was negatively affected (on the 50th-54th days).
It is suggested that impairment of the input of sensory information and its
correct assessment by the animals can be associated with the early neonatal
blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors.
PMID: 11871038 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
221: J Neuroendocrinol. 2002 Jul;14(7):549-54.
Hormonal and behavioural responses of paradoxical sleep-deprived rats to the
elevated plus maze.
Suchecki D, Tiba PA, Tufik S.
Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista
de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil. suchecki@psicobio.epm.br
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is observed
immediately after 96 h of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation. However, when
individually or group PS-deprived rats are challenged with a mild stressor, they
exhibit a facilitation of the corticosterone response, and a faster return to
basal levels than control rats. Because the housing condition influences coping
behaviour, we tested whether the type of PS deprivation (individually or in
group) influenced anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus-maze and the
accompanying adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone responses.
Individually (I-DEP) or group deprived (G-DEP) rats and their appropriate
control groups were either killed immediately after 96 h of sleep deprivation
(time-point 0 or ‘basal’) or exposed to a 5-min test on the elevated plus maze
and sampled 5, 20 or 60 min after test onset. Control of I-DEP rats showed
reduced locomotor activity and augmented anxiety-like behaviour, replicating the
effects of social isolation. Although I-DEP rats exhibited higher motor activity
than cage control rats, these groups did not differ in regard to the percentage
of entry and time spent in the open arms. G-DEP rats, in turn, ambulated more,
entered and remained longer in the open arms, exhibiting less anxiety-like
behaviour. PS-deprived rats exhibited higher ACTH and corticosterone ‘basal’
secretion than control rats. For all groups, peak ACTH secretion was reached at
the 5-min time-point, returning to unstressed basal levels 60 min after the
test, except for G-DEP rats, which showed a return at 20 min. Peak levels of
corticosterone occurred at 5 min for PS-deprived groups and at 20 min for
control groups. G-DEP rats showed a return to ‘basal’ unstressed levels at 20
min, whereas the I-DEP and control groups did so at 60 min. A negative
correlation between exploration in the open arms and hormone concentrations was
observed. These data indicate that housing condition influences the subsequent
behaviour of PS-deprived rats in the EPM which, in turn, seems to determine the
secretion profile of ACTH and corticosterone in response to the test.
PMID: 12121491 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
222: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2000 Jul-Aug;(4):3-7.
[Recovery processes in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and thymus of rats with
experimental atherosclerosis exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields on
the head]
[Article in Russian]
Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Bobkova AS, Chabanenko SS, Luk’ianova TV.
Studies of animals with experimental sclerosis has shown that a course of 10
procedures of alternative magnetic field (AMF) (50 Hz, 30 mT, 3 min daily)
promotes partial recovery of the lipid spectrum and corrects vasomotor-metabolic
disturbances in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and thymus caused by
atherosclerosis. Combination of AMF with constant magnetic field in the same
regime and location does not produce a hypolipidemic effect in atherosclerotic
animals and this, in combination with increased vascular permeability may
aggravate the condition. Activated microcirculation, antioxidant and
antiproteinase effects in activation of biosynthetic processes in the cerebral
cortex reflect inhibition in the CNS in this combined effect and create
conditions for a hypotensive effect.
PMID: 11008562 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
223: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):659-70.
[Role of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor’ev IuG.
Data, describing a role of modulation of electromagnetic fields in development
of biological effect, are considered. Outcomes of researches, indicating the
dependence of a response of nervous and immune systems on a kind of modulation
at low levels of effect, are represented. The necessity of the account of a role
of modulation in an evaluation of electromagnetic danger is formulated.
PMID: 9019276 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
224: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Sep-Oct;51(5):563-71.
[Dynamics of spectral characteristics of theta- and alpha-range EEG during
negative emotional reactions]
[Article in Russian]
Il’iuchenok IR, Savost’ianov AN, Valeev RG.
Institute of Higher Nerous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow.
Power characteristics of the EEG theta and alpha rhythms were studied in a human
in neutral state and during a conditioned negative emotional reaction (Fp1, Fp2,
F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, and T6 derivations). A
significant increase in the relative spectral power in the narrow theta band of
7.4-8.1 Hz in the frontocentral and temporal brain regions was observed during
the development of the negative emotional reaction. The alpha-rhythm dynamics
during the negative reaction was substantially individual and could be expressed
in either an increase, or decrease in relative spectral power of different
alpha-frequencies. No pronounced changes in their dynamics could also be
observed. In some subjects the spectral power of the medium-frequency
alpha-rhythm significantly decreased, that of the high-frequency rhythm
increased, and changes in the spectral power of the low-frequency alpha range
varied.
PMID: 11764515 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
225: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Apr 1;131(1-2):67-78.
Amygdala or ventral hippocampal lesions at two early stages of life
differentially affect open field behaviour later in life; an animal model of
neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders.
Daenen EW, Wolterink G, Gerrits MA, Van Ree JM.
Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Anatomy Rudolf Magnus
Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85060,
3508, AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or autism are thought to result from
disruption of the normal pattern of brain development. Abnormalities in the
amygdaloid complex and hippocampus have been reported in these disorders. In the
present study rats were lesioned in the amygdala or ventral hippocampus on day 7
of life (immature brain) or day 21 of life (almost mature brain) and open field
behaviour was determined later in life before and after puberty. Lesioning on
day 7 resulted in behavioural changes, interpreted as locomotor stereotypy and
decreased anxiety in case of amygdala or hippocampus, respectively. These
effects were more profoundly present after puberty. Lesioning on day 21 did not
result in these behavioural changes, which subscribes to the importance of the
stage of brain maturation on functional development. The results suggest that
the behavioural changes in rats lesioned on day 7 may due to a malfunctioning of
structures connected to the amygdala or ventral hippocampus. Brain lesions made
on day 7 of life may serve as a potential model of psychopathological
neurodevelopmental disorders.
PMID: 11844573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
226: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Apr;22(3):212-5.
GSM phone signal does not produce subjective symptoms.
Koivisto M, Haarala C, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H.
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Finland.
mika.koivisto@utu.fi
The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital
GSM mobile phones (902 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulation) on subjective symptoms or
sensations in healthy subjects were studied in two single-blind experiments. The
duration of the RF exposure was about 60 min in Experiment 1 and 30 min in
Experiment 2. Each subject rated symptoms or sensations in the beginning of the
experimental session and at the end of both the exposure and the nonexposure
conditions. The symptoms rated were headache, dizziness, fatigue, itching or
tingling of the skin, redness on the skin, and sensations of warmth on the skin.
The results did not reveal any differences between exposure and non-exposure
conditions, suggesting that a 30-60 min exposure to this RF field does not
produce subjective symptoms in humans. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11255218 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
227: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(12):9-13.
[Role of nonspecific cellular resistance factors in hygienic evaluation of
electromagnetic nonionizing radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Obukhan EI.
The most sensitive indices of the blood system at EMF exposure (disorders of
megakaryocytes differentiation, unspecific reactions, repopulation of the blasts
cells a. al.) have been determined by the cytologic investigations. At has been
revealed that allowable UVF levels effect are situated below the threshold of
activisation of adaptive reactions (less than 0.01 mV/cm2), for occupational
conditions–at the level of compensatory processes (0.05-0.1 mV/cm2). The
intensities higher than 0.5 mV/cm2 were estimated as critical. Involution of
megakaryocytes, polimorphism and disturbances the structure of leucocytes a. al.
were revealed as EMF markers which allow to carry out an express-diagnostic.
PMID: 11965742 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
228: J Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;15(2):76-82.
Interactions between LY354740, a group II metabotropic agonist and the
GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the rat elevated plus-maze.
Ferris P, Seward E, Dawson GR.
Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre,
Harlow, Essex, UK.
Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist, and naloxone, a
non-selective mu-receptor antagonist, were used to investigate whether the
anxiolytic action of LY354740
[1S,2S,5R,6S-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate monohydrate], a Group
II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, was mediated through the
benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor and opioid pathways.
LY354740 (1.0-10.0 mg/kg i.p.) induced dose-dependent anxiolytic-like effects in
the rat elevated plus-maze. The anxiolytic-like effects of LY354740 (10.0 mg/kg)
and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5.0 mg/kg i.p.)
were blocked by flumazenil (15.0 mg/kg i.p.). By contrast, naloxone (10.0 mg/kg
i.p.) failed to affect the anxiolytic-like effects of either LY354740 or CDP.
The behaviour of animals treated with flumazenil or naloxone alone did not
significantly differ from that of animals treated with vehicle alone. This study
suggests that the anxiolytic-like effects of LY354740 on the elevated plus-maze
may be directly or indirectly mediated by the benzodiazepine binding site on the
GABA(A) receptor complex.
PMID: 11448091 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
229: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jan;153(3):365-72.
8-OH-DPAT, but not deramciclane, antagonizes the anxiogenic-like action of
paroxetine in an elevated plus-maze.
Koks S, Beljajev S, Koovit I, Abramov U, Bourin M, Vasar E.
Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Estonia. Sulev.Koks@ut.ee
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake
inhibitor (paroxetine) has an anxiogenic-like effect and what possible
pharmacological mechanism underlies that action. METHODS: We used the rat
elevated plus-maze paradigm followed by measurement of locomotor activity. Some
of the rats were subjected to handling and adaptation to the experimental
situation, while the rest were naive to the test situation. Paroxetine was
administered as a single treatment and in combination with the 5-HT1A receptor
agonist (8-OH-DPAT) or 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist (deramciclane). RESULTS:
The administration of paroxetine induced an anxiogenic-like action in rats
adapted to handling, but not in handling naive animals. Treatment with
paroxetine (0.1-2 mg/kg) reduced the number of open arm visits and time spent in
open arms, and the ratio between open and total arm entries in the elevated
plus-maze. Paroxetine also decreased the number of line crossings and head-dips.
Paroxetine caused the strongest anti-exploratory action at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg.
Paroxetine did not suppress the locomotor activity of rats, showing that the
described anti-exploratory effect was behaviourally specific to the plus-maze.
Pretreatment with 8-OH-DPAT (0.05 mg/kg) completely reversed the anxiogenic-like
action of paroxetine, whereas treatment with deramciclane (2 mg/kg) affected
only the number of closed arm visits. Deramciclane (0.5-2 mg/kg) and 8-OH-DPAT
(0.01-0.1 mg/kg) changed neither exploratory behaviour nor locomotor activity if
given as single treatments to the habituated rats. CONCLUSION: The 5-HT reuptake
inhibitor, paroxetine, at a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) induces an anxiogenic-like
action in handling adapted rats. The effectiveness of 8-OH-DPAT against
paroxetine probably supports a role of both pre- and postsynaptic 5HT-ergic
mechanisms in the anxiogenic-like action of paroxetine.
PMID: 11271409 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
230: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 May-Jun;42(3):322-30.
[Enzymatic activity of some tissues and blood serum from animals and humans
exposed to microwaves and hypothesis on the possible role of free radical
processes in the nonlinear effects and modification of emotional behavior of
animals]
[Article in Russian]
Akoev IG, Pashovkina MS, Dolgacheva LP, Semenova TP, Kalmykov VL.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, 142290
Russia. admin@icb.psn.ru
The dependence of activities of actomyosin ATPase, alkaline phosphatase,
aspartataminotranspherase, monoaminoxidase and that of affective rat behavior on
frequency of modulation of microwaves (0.8-10 microW/cm2) was explored at
short-time actions. Series of nonlinear phenomenons, inexplicable from positions
of the energy approaches are revealed, The working hypothesis explaining
opportunity of high performance of weak and super-weak microwaves and other
revealed phenomena by resonance interaction of such electromagnetic
radiofrequency radiation with paramagnetic molecules of biological tissues was
proposed. This resonance interaction activate free radicals and initiate
auto-supporting and auto-intensifying of chain chemical reactions. The
spontaneous autocatalytic oxidation of catecholamines enlarges a common pool of
free radicals, capable to participate in such enhanced generating. The
protective role of monoaminoxidase is postulated. Monoaminoxidase is basically
located on an outer surface of mitochondrias and it is deaminating monoamines.
The deaminating prevents penetration of catecholamines inside of mitochondrias
and their quinoid oxidation there with formation of free-radical semi-quinons,
capable to destroy system of ATP synthesis. These inferences are obliquely
confirmed by the experimentally revealed correlation between activity of
monoaminoxidase and integrative activity of the rat brain.
PMID: 12125273 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
231: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 May-Jun;31(3):299-304.
Neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain in rats with different
typological characteristics in conditions of emotional stimulation.
Zaichenko MI, Mikhailova NG, Raigorodskii YuV.
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow.
Male Wistar rats were separated according to the “emotional resonance” method
(groups of animals avoiding (“altruists”) and not avoiding (“egotists”) the pain
cries of partner rats) and neuron activity in the prefrontal areas of the cortex
was studied in the right and left hemispheres. Assessments were made of changes
in the frequency of nerve cell spike activity (in relation to the baseline
activity of neurons in sated animals) in rats subjected to one day of food
deprivation and after electrical stimulation of emotionally positive (lateral
hypothalamus) and negative (tegmentum of the midbrain) brain structures and
after exposure to the pain cries of partner rats. The results of these
experiments revealed a series of differences in the cell activities of the two
groups of rats. In conditions of hunger, the discharge frequency in the
“altruists” was higher than that in “egotists.” Cortical neuron responses to
positive stimulation were greater than those to negative stimulation in rats of
both groups. Intracerebral stimulation produced significantly greater increases
in discharge frequency in neurons of both prefrontal areas of the cortex in
“altruists” than in “egotists.” In both groups of rats, neurons in the right
hemisphere responded to emotionally negative stimulation with significantly
greater activation than cells in the left hemisphere, while activity in the left
hemisphere was greater in conditions of emotionally positive stimulation.
“Altruists” showed significantly greater neuron responses during exposure to
pain cries from “victim” rats in both the right and left hemispheres. The
responses of “egotists” to “victim” cries were not significantly different from
baseline activity levels.
PMID: 11430574 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
232: Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Aug 3;425(1):43-50.
Effect of chronic administration of flesinoxan and fluvoxamine on freezing
behavior induced by conditioned fear.
Li XB, Inoue T, Hashimoto S, Koyama T.
Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North
15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. xiao@med.hokudai.ac.jp
The present study investigated the acute effects of flesinoxan (a selective
5-HT(1A) receptor agonist), fluvoxamine (a selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor) and their co-administration on the expression of conditioned
freezing, and index of anxiety in rats. This study also examined the acute
effects of fluvoxamine and flesinoxan following chronic flesinoxan or chronic
fluvoxamine on the expression of conditioned freezing. Acute administration of
flesinoxan (s.c.; 0.1-3 mg/kg) reduced freezing dose dependently, and
fluvoxamine (i.p.) at a high dose (60 mg/kg) reduced freezing significantly.
Acute co-administration of fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) and flesinoxan (0.3 mg/kg)
showed an additive inhibitory effect on freezing. Chronic flesinoxan treatment
(0.3 mg/kg, for 13 days) did not affect the inhibitory effect of acute
flesinoxan treatment, but enhanced that of acute fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) on
conditioned freezing. Chronic fluvoxamine treatment (30 mg/kg, for 13 days)
enhanced the inhibitory effect of acute fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg) and the
inhibitory effect of acute flesinoxan (0.3 mg/kg) on conditioned freezing. These
results suggest that co-administration of a selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor and a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist is useful for the treatment of anxiety
disorders.
PMID: 11672573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
233: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2000 Aug;86(8):979-86.
[Changes in the animal behavior caused by sequential changes of dominants
related to reproduction]
[Article in Russian]
Vinogradova EP.
St. Petersburg State University, Russia.
Female rats during the sex dominanta (proestrus) revealed lower anxiety scores
and a higher general level of activity than the rats in diestrus. Responses to
stress were also more obvious in proestrus. During gestation the rats revealed a
lower activity and a higher anxiety. In lactation, the rats’ behaviour was
similar to that in proestrus.
PMID: 11059015 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
234: Adv Space Res. 1989;9(10):333-6.
Behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities after exposure to low doses of
high-energy iron particles.
Hunt WA, Joseph JA, Rabin BM.
Behavioral Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute,
Bethesda, MD 20812-5145, USA.
Exposure of rats to high-energy iron particles (600 MeV/amu) has been found to
alter behavior after doses as low as 10 rads. The performance of a task that
measures upper body strength was significantly degraded after irradiation. In
addition, an impairment in the regulation of dopamine release in the caudate
nucleus (a motor center in the brain), lasting at least 6 months, was also found
and correlated with the performance deficits. A general indication of behavioral
toxicity and an index of nausea and emesis, the conditioned taste aversion, was
also evident. The sensitivity to iron particles was 10-600 times greater than to
gamma photons. These results suggest that behavioral and neurobiological damage
may be a consequence of exposure to low doses of heavy particles and that this
possibility should be extensively studied.
PMID: 11537313 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
235: Brain Res. 2001 Jun 15;904(1):43-53.
Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical
activity in rat hippocampal slices.
Tattersall JE, Scott IR, Wood SJ, Nettell JJ, Bevir MK, Wang Z, Somasiri NP,
Chen X.
Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, SP4 0JQ, Salisbury, UK.
jtattersall@dera.gov.uk
Slices of rat hippocampus were exposed to 700 MHz continuous wave radiofrequency
(RF) fields (25.2-71.0 V m(-1), 5-15 min exposure) in a stripline waveguide. At
low field intensities, the predominant effect on the electrically evoked field
potential in CA1 was a potentiation of the amplitude of the population spike by
up to 20%, but higher intensity fields could produce either increases or
decreases of up to 120 and 80%, respectively, in the amplitude of the population
spike. To eliminate the possibility of RF-induced artefacts due to the metal
stimulating electrode, the effect of RF exposure on spontaneous epileptiform
activity induced in CA3 by 4-aminopyridine (50-100 microM) was investigated.
Exposure to RF fields (50.0 V m(-1)) reduced or abolished epileptiform bursting
in 36% of slices tested. The maximum field intensity used in these experiments,
71.0 V m(-1), was calculated to produce a specific absorption rate (SAR) of
between 0.0016 and 0.0044 W kg(-1) in the slices. Measurements with a Luxtron
fibreoptic probe confirmed that there was no detectable temperature change (+/-
0.1 degrees C) during a 15 min exposure to this field intensity. Furthermore,
imposed temperature changes of up to 1 degrees C failed to mimic the effects of
RF exposure. These results suggest that low-intensity RF fields can modulate the
excitability of hippocampal tissue in vitro in the absence of gross thermal
effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioural
effects of RF fields.
PMID: 11516410 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
236: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1994 Dec;118(12):606-8.
[Correction of disruptions in learning and memory, caused by the effect of
superhigh frequency electromagnetic emissions, by nootropic drugs]
[Article in Russian]
Iasnetsov VV, Popov VM, Pal’tsev IuP, Levina AV, Motin VG.
PMID: 7703455 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
237: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(6):38-40.
[Combined effect of noise and electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency
(experimental study)]
[Article in Russian]
Khudnitskii SS, Murzenok PP, Vikent’eva NK, Tsykhun GF, Netukova NI.
PMID: 10420718 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
238: Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1980 Feb;(2):46-7.
[Calcium and magnesium content in the tissues of rats exposed to an
industrial-frequency electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Dyshlovoi VD, Radlovskaia ZT, Arkhipchuk VD, Kachura VS.
PMID: 7378163 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
239: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1997;31(2):38-43.
[Combined effects of various forms of motor deprivation and gamma irradiation on
the higher nervous activity in rats]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS.
Effects of gamma-radiation at a dose of 3 Gy against either antiorthostatic
hypodynamia (AOH) or hypokinesia (HK) on formation of the differentiated
motor-drinking reflex (DR) were compared. Each of the forms of motor deprivation
hindered the elaboration of DR; gamma-irradiation aggravated these disorders. At
the same time, AOH led to significantly more severe disturbances in the higher
nervous activity including the generalized excitation, pathologic aggressiveness
and neurotization of animals. In contrast, hypokinesia stimulated the active
elements of behavior which inhibit the passive-defensive behavior and a fear
reaction. Therefore, the modifying effect of irradiation becomes apparent only
if combined with AOH.
PMID: 9190253 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
240: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Mar-Apr;38(2):223-31.
[Forming of memory (imprinting) in chicks after prior low-level exposure to
electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor’ev IuG, Stepanov VS.
State Research Centre of Russia-Institute of Biophysics, Moscow.
EMF of power density from 0.4 to 10 mW/cm2 can influence forming the memory
(imprinting). Showed the possibility to fix EMF modulated in embryonic brain
during the natal period and conservation of this information after birth.
PMID: 9633625 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
241: Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1982 Feb;37(2):187-90.
[Animal experiment studies of the question of radiogenic caries]
[Article in German]
Vogel C, Reichart P, Hassenstein E, Ronneberger H.
PMID: 6951707 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
242: J Cutan Pathol. 2003 Feb;30(2):135-8.
Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on epidermal
Merkel cells.
Irmak MK, Oztas E, Yagmurca M, Fadillioglu E, Bakir B.
Department of Histology and Embryology,Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara,
Turkey. mkirmak@gata.edu.tr
The number of reports on the effects induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
from cellular telephones in various cellular systems is still increasing. Until
now, no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological
effects of this radiation except a role suggested for mast cells. Merkel cells
may also play a role in the mechanisms of biological effects of EMR. This study
was undertaken to investigate the influence of EMR from a cellular telephone
(900 MHz) on Merkel cells in rats. A group of rats was exposed to a cellular
telephone in speech position for 30 min. Another group of rats was sham-exposed
under the same environmental conditions for 30 min. Exposure led to
significantly higher exocytotic activity in Merkel cells compared with the sham
exposure group. This finding may indicate the possible role of Merkel cells in
the pathophysiology of the effects of EMR.
PMID: 12641793 [PubMed – in process]
243: Bioelectromagnetics. 1998;19(2):136-8.
Comment on:
Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(2):111-5.
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields do not interact directly with
DNA.
Adair RK.
Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
Blank and Goodman [(1997): Bioelectromagnetics 18:111-115] suggest that weak
extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields affect intracellular
DNA directly. We show that such a conclusion is not in accord with physical
principles.
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 9492173 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
244: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1994 Jan-Mar;(1):17-9.
[Permeability of erythrocyte membranes from peripheral blood after exposure to
low-frequency alternating electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Levshin IV.
The levels of dienic conjugates (DC), malonic dialdehyde (MD),
extra-erythrocytic hemoglobin, the rate of chemiluminescence (C), total
peroxidase activity (TPA) were determined on a single exposure of animals to
low-frequency pulsating electromagnetic field (LFPEF) and chronic exposure of 16
healthy males aged 19-25 years. After acute exposure to LEPEF, the animals
showed 64-106% increases in the levels of DC and MD and the rate of C. The
persons had higher TPA and C.
PMID: 8183583 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
245: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1981 Mar;28(3):258-64.
Measurements of the RF power absorption in spheroidal human and animal phantoms
exposed to the near field of a dipole source.
Iskander MG, Massoudi H, Durney CH, Allen SJ.
PMID: 7228071 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
246: Gig Sanit. 1989 Jun;(6):84-6.
[Evaluation of the work capacity of laboratory animals in a toxicologic
experiment]
[Article in Russian]
Fedotov VP, Moskalev OS, I’lin BN.
PMID: 2792810 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
247: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1998;32(5):40-5.
[Evaluation of individual radiation resistance of rats based on reactions to
non-radiation testing]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Farber IuV, Shafirkin AV.
Presented are the data on radiation sensitivity of various groups of animals
preliminary differentiated by their tolerance of acute hypoxia. The processes of
blood forming system impairment and reparation are detailed. As was shown,
highly resistant to hypoxia rats are distinguished by the best radiation
resistance. Survivability of these rats was significantly higher as compared
with other groups of animals. Recovery of blood formation by both the red and
white chits following exposure to [symbol: see text] of the mean lethal dose
proceeded more rapidly in the radiation resistant rats.
PMID: 9883333 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
248: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):691-9.
[Effects of electromagnetic radiation of various modes on heart activity (in
experiments)]
[Article in Russian]
Afrikanova LA, Grigor’ev IuG.
On spinal cord frogs and isolated interauricle to a partition of heart in vivo
and in vitro influence the MICROWAVES of a radiation in continuous and modulated
modes on function of heart (9.3 Hz is investigated; 0.348-0.16 and 0.016 mV/sm2,
modulation from 1 up to 100 Hz). A possibility of influence of an
electromagnetic exposure on heart frequency and rhythm is revealed. Pointing of
heart in vitro by a neutral red resulted in large number of % of experience in a
stop of irradiated heart.
PMID: 9019279 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
249: Child Dev. 1968 Dec;39(4):1247-52.
Newborn activity and emotional response at eight months.
McGrade BJ.
PMID: 5704397 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
250: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 Apr;90(2):659-74.
Experimental simulation of a haunt experience and elicitation of paroxysmal
electroencephalographic activity by transcerebral complex magnetic fields:
induction of a synthetic “ghost”?
Persinger MA, Tiller SG, Koren SA.
Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
To test the hypothesis that experiences of apparitional phenomena with
accompanying fear can be simulated within the laboratory, a 45-yr.-old
journalist and professional musician who had experienced a classic haunt four
years previously was exposed to 1 microTesla, complex, transcerebral magnetic
fields. Within 10 min. after exposure to a frequency-modulated pattern applied
over the right hemisphere, the man reported “rushes of fear” that culminated in
the experience of an apparition. Concurrent electroencephalographic measurements
showed conspicuous 1-sec.-to-2-sec. paroxysmal complex spikes (15 Hz) that
accompanied the reports of fear. A second magnetic field pattern, applied
bilaterally through the brain, was associated with pleasant experiences. The
subject concluded that the synthetic experience of the apparition was very
similar to the one experienced in the natural setting. The results of this
experiment suggest that controlled simulation of these pervasive phenomena
within the laboratory is possible and that this experimental protocol may help
discern the physical stimuli that evoke their occurrence in nature.
PMID: 10833767 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
251: Vopr Onkol. 1996;42(5):13-21.
[Super-low frequency electric and magnetic fields and their role in development
of neoplasms]
[Article in Russian]
Muratov EI.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9064896 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
252: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2000 Jul-Aug;(4):7-11.
[Pain relief by low-intensity frequency-modulated millimeter waves acting on the
acupuncture points]
[Article in Russian]
Samosiuk IZ, Kulikovich IuN, Tamarova ZA, Samosiuk NI, Kazhanova AK.
Analgetic effect of low-intensive frequency-modulated millimetric waves (MW) was
studied in mice with formalin induced nociceptive behavior reaction (licking of
defeat hindpaw). MW were applied to the acupoint E 36 of the defeat hindpaw. The
following MW were used: 60 GHz (1) and 118 GHz (2) which were modulated by 4 Hz;
noise MW within the range of 42-95 GHz (3) and 90-140 GHz (4) which were
modulated in accidental order by frequencies 1-60 Hz; combinations of fixed
frequencies with noise – 60 GHz + noise 42-95 GHz (5) and 118 GHz + noise 90-140
GHz (6). All used MW combinations suppressed licking of the defeat hindpaw and
increased duration of sleep and eating. The strongest analgesia was achieved in
series 1-3 (42.4-69.7%), the weakest in series 6 and 4 of the experiment
(12.2-19.7%).
PMID: 11008563 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
253: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1982 Nov-Dec;32(6):1096-103.
[Probabilistic characteristics of “open field” behavior in the rat]
[Article in Russian]
Lazarenko NS, Petrov ES, Zabrodin IIu, Vartanian GA.
An analysis was made of the dynamics of probabilistic characteristics of the rat
behaviour in the process of extinction of orienting-investigating behaviour in
the “open field”. Estimation of the entropy value related to behaviour permitted
to divide the rats into two groups. The rats with high entropy values differed
from those with low values by a more prolonged retention of a high level of
locomotion, vertical stands, wall stands, peeping through a hole and grooming.
It is suggested that a high entropy level and prolonged retention in the
behaviour pattern of most of the elementary acts and poses may testify to a
delayed process of extinction of orienting-investigating activity due to a
higher level of the rats negative emotional state.
PMID: 7164573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
254: Lik Sprava. 1997 May-Jun;(3):83-7.
[The interaction of changes in the genitalia in the pathogenesis of sterility in
men]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Malyshkin IN.
Alterations in testicular structures on the side of the pathologic process,
contralateral testicle, epididymis, deferent duct, prostate, spermogramme, were
found out to be related to the level of gonadotrophic and sex hormones in
pathogenesis of infertility developing in varicocele, cryptorchidism,
epididymitis, prostatitis, obstruction of the deferent duct, and action of low
frequency electromagnetic field. The findings obtained will, we believe, help in
diagnosing and prescribing the pathogenetically substantiated treatment.
PMID: 9377363 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
255: Dokl Akad Nauk. 1994 Jun;336(6):826-8.
[Effect of a low-energy pulse of EHF and SHF-radiation of nanosecond duration
with a high peak intensity on biological structures (malignant neoplasms)]
[Article in Russian]
Deviatkov ND, Pletnev SD, Chernov ZS, Faikin VV, Bernashevskii GA, Shchitkov KG.
PMID: 7951017 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
256: Probl Kosm Biol. 1982;43:148-66.
[Biological system reactions to adequate weak low-frequency electromagnetic
fields]
[Article in Russian]
Kislovskii LD.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 7048296 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
257: Radiobiologiia. 1980 Jan-Feb;20(1):130-3.
[Radiation lesion of the lymph nodes of rats through the intratracheal uptake of
cenium-144]
[Article in Russian]
Zhorno LIa.
PMID: 7360905 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
258: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Jan-Feb;39(1):79-83.
[Mechanism of radiobiological effects of low intensity nonionizing
electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Kudriashov IuB, Perov IuF, Golenitskaia IA.
Moscow State University, Department of Biology.
The results of the research of the biological effects of the non-ionizing
electromagnetic radiation were studied from the position of “thermal” and
“unthermal” mechanisms. The special attention was spared to analysing the
information characterising the high sensitiveness of the human and animals
organism to the very-low intensity electromagnetic fields.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10347601 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
259: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Mar-Jun;39(2-3):345-8.
[Possible modification of radiation injury using radio frequency electromagnetic
radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Aminova EM, Ismailov ESh.
Daghestan State Polytechnic University, Makhach-Kala.
The possibility of radioprotective action of electromagnetic fields and
radiations in radiofrequency range have been considered. It has been shown that
the EMF and EMR effects depend on parameters of acting field. It is necessary to
establish biophysical and biochemical ways and mechanisms of EMF and EMR action
for effective use of radioemissions as radioprotectors.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10366968 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
260: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1997;(5):24-30.
[Features of the relationship of electromagnetic fields and biological objects
and their shielding]
[Article in Russian]
Miroshnikova TK.
PMID: 9235214 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
261: Biofizika. 1997 May-Jun;42(3):738-41.
[Molecular mechanisms of biological action of low magnetic fields. II.
Purification and characteristics of protein from rat brain chromatin which
inhibit DNAse 1 activity]
[Article in Russian]
Shvetsov IuP, Smirnova GN, Novikov VV, Tret’iak TM, Fesenko EE.
PMID: 9296636 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
262: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Mar-Apr;40(2):149-53.
[On the mechanism of cytogenetic effect of electromagnetic radiation: a role of
oxidation homeostasis]
[Article in Russian]
Brezitskaia HV, Timchenko OI.
Ukrainian Scientific Centre of Hygiene, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kiev.
It was established in the experiments on rats that the changes in free radical
oxidation under the influence of non-ionizing radiation had a wavy character. It
was revealed that the changes in oxidation homeostasis preceded development of
cytogenetic effects and could be their reason.
PMID: 10819036 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
263: Acta Anat (Basel). 1992;145(4):302-6.
Influence of continuous electromagnetic fields on the stage, weight and stature
of the chick embryo.
Piera V, Rodriguez A, Cobos A, Torrente M, Cobos P.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of
Medicine, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
The influence of continuous electromagnetic fields (0, 181 or 361 Gs/cm2) on the
development of chick embryo (n = 144) was studied. Several parameters were
determined at days 5, 10 and 15 of incubation: stage (following Hamburger and
Hamilton), vertex-coccyx length (size) and weight. At 5 days of incubation, all
embryos showed a similar stage. However, at days 10 and 15, the embryos exposed
to 181 Gs/cm2 showed a stage significantly superior to that of the others. There
were no differences between the exposed embryos and the control ones with regard
to weight and stature, except at 15 days when the embryos exposed to 361 Gs/cm2
showed greater weight and stature than those of the controls.
PMID: 10457769 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
264: Gig Sanit. 1999 May-Jun;(3):48-51.
[The current problems of electromagnetic safety in computer classes]
[Article in Russian]
Afanas’ev AI, Volodarskii VIa, Gumener PI, Kaisina OV, Litvak II, Nadezhina LG,
Shumkova TV.
He paper presents the data on the present-day situation in the computer classes
in general educational schools to show electromagnetic safety. It shows that
most of 37 classes do not satisfy the requirement of electromagnetic safety and
proposes modes of elimination of this danger.
PMID: 10394739 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
265: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1997 Sep-Oct;(5):3-7.
[The general patterns in the development of the ultrastructural reactions under
the action of electromagnetic radiations]
[Article in Russian]
Korolev IuN.
Original investigations of the author provided authors with information on
subcellular adaptive reactions in response to electromagnetic radiation.
Activation of hyperplastic processes represents the leading structural-adaptive
response of the body arising accelerated renewal of the ultrastructures. The
author characterizes adaptive hyperplasia of the ultrastructures. The author
characterizes adaptive hyperplasia emerging in bioenergetic and
protein-synthetizing organelles in the cells of different organs. It is
emphasized that high intensities provoke destructive processes.
PMID: 9446304 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
266: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1995 Dec;81(12):115-20.
[The erythrocyte reaction of the moving blood in mammals to the action of
permanent and pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Ignat’ev VV, Kidalov VN, Samoilov VO, Subbota AG, Sukhovetskaia NB, Siasin RI.
PMID: 8754037 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
267: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):337-40.
Effect of amplitude modulated RF radiation on calcium ion efflux and ODC
activity in chronically exposed rat brain.
Paulraj R, Behari J, Rao AR.
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
The effect of exposing rats to amplitude modulated radiofrequency radiation (112
MHz modulated to 16 Hz) during development and growth has been examined. Wistar
rats (35 days old) when exposed at above frequency at the power level 1.0 mW/cm2
(SAR, 0.75 W/kg) for 35 days showed enhanced ornithine decarboxylase activity
and Ca2+ efflux in brain indicating potential health hazards due to exposure.
PMID: 10844985 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
268: Prog Brain Res. 2000;122:105-15.
Neurobiological correlates of defensive behaviors.
Bakshi VP, Shelton SE, Kalin NH.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin
Psychiatric Institute and Clinics 53719, USA.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10737053 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
269: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1984 May-Jun;34(3):537-46.
[Individual features of rat behavior: manifestations of anxiety]
[Article in Russian]
Khonicheva NM, Dmitrieva IL, Krushinskaia NL, Voronina TA.
Motor agitation developing in some white rats during painful stimulation of
other individual decreases under the action of phenasepam (the most effective
drug used in clinic in cases of neurotic alarm). This effect is accompanied by
strengthening of tendency to reside in closed space. After phenasepam injection,
increased not goal-directed motor activity developing against the background of
reduced alimentary reactions also decreases in a part of grey rats selected by
their ability to extrapolate, while their alimentary behaviour intensifies.
Thus, initial peculiarities of behaviour i.e. enhanced motor activity not
directed to fulfillment of the above forms of inborn behaviour (residing in
closed space and eating) may be considered as a manifestation of anxiety. In
this case, these forms of behaviour have a defensive function.
PMID: 6540937 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
270: Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1980 Feb;66(2):263-7.
[Effect of radiowaves of nonthermal frequencies on the content of somatotropic
hormone in the rat adenohypophysis]
[Article in Russian]
Demokidova NK.
PMID: 7364125 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
271: Tsitologiia. 2000;42(1):92-5.
[Activity of the genome of cardiomyocytes as an indicator of the development of
adaptive changes in the myocardium following exposure of the central nervous
system to electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Zubkova SM, Mikhailik LV, Varakina NI, Strukova EV, Bobkova AS.
Russian Scientific Centre of Rehabilitating Medicine and Health Resort Cure,
Moscow.
Methods of cardiomyocyte nuclei isolation from the myocard homogeneous mixture,
and of cardiomyocyte genome activity estimation were elaborated. In the
experiments with hyperlipoproteidemic rats, cardiomyocyte genome activity was
shown to reflect the primary adaptive changes in the myocard, and to serve a
reliable index of their influence on the CNS regulatory centres exposed to
electromagnetic field, which is used for hyperlipoproteidemia treatment. The
cardiomyocyte genome activity was used to distinguish between three types of
development of adaptive reactions in the myocard.
PMID: 10709259 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
272: Physiol Behav. 1974 Mar;12(3):393-8.
Immediate behavioral responses of an echinoderm to ionizing radiations.
Dedrick MC, Kimeldorf DJ.
PMID: 4856540 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
273: Health Phys. 1971 Apr;20(4):421-4.
Effects of 800-MHz electromagnetic radiation on body weight, activity,
hematopoiesis and life span in mice.
Spalding JF, Freyman RW, Holland LM.
PMID: 5569217 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
274: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):32-5.
[The evaluation of the consequences of electromagnetic irradiation of hands in
operators of high-frequency welding devices]
[Article in Russian]
Rudakov ML.
Method of secondary sources (method of integral equations) was applied to
calculate specific absorbed intensity in hands of operators working at
non-shielded high-frequency (27.12 Mhz) welding devices. The authors present
calculations for “female” and “male” hand sizes, give recommendations on lower
level of specific absorption.
PMID: 10881543 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
275: Pol Tyg Lek. 1985 Nov 18-25;40(46-47):1304-7.
[Anxiety level and duration of the disease in patients with leukemia]
[Article in Polish]
Wrona-Polanska H.
PMID: 4094938 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
276: Psychol Rep. 1973 Dec;33(3):731-6.
Swim-tank measurement of radiation-induced behavioral incapacitation.
Casarett AP.
PMID: 4767829 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
277: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 2000 Jan;129(1):100-2.
[[Effects of fractions of the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with drug
addiction treated by liquor sorption on the behavior of rats-recipients]
[Article in Russian]
Pirumov PA, Ordian NE, Vasil’ev VIu, Shaliapina VG.
PMID: 10710642 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
278: Epidemiology. 2001 Jan;12(1):1-4.
Comment on:
Epidemiology. 2001 Jan;12(1):7-12.
Frequent radiation exposures and frequency-dependent effects: the eyes have it.
Inskip PD.
Publication Types:
Comment
Editorial
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11138802 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
279: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1996;(9):20-3.
[Hygienic regulation of electromagnetic radiation of 300-3000 MHz frequency
range]
[Article in Russian]
Kol’chugin IuI.
The article contains analysis of national standards determining maximal
allowable levels of electromagnetic exposure in some developed countries. The
point of specific interest is the levels in frequency range of 300 MHz-30 GHz,
as this range is widely used in most apparatus for mobile communication.
Different in various countries, values of the maximal allowable levels appear to
be the most strict in Russia. Incomplete knowledge of long-standing exposure to
mild electromagnetic fields requires through medical and technical research to
determine limits of safe application of mobile communication devices.
PMID: 9019326 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
280: Bioelectromagnetics. 1984;5(1):31-8.
Offset of the vacuolar potential of Characean cells in response to
electromagnetic radiation over the range 250 Hz-250 kHz.
Montaigne K, Pickard WF.
Measurements were made of the small, transient offsets of vacuolar potential
produced in single cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara braunii by isolated
bursts of audio frequency electromagnetic radiation. The offsets increased in
magnitude with decreasing frequency of the electromagnetic radiation and, below
about 6 kHz, seemed to approach a low-frequency asymptote. This frequency
dependence for the offset is shown to be in accordance with a previously
developed model in which the incident radiation is weakly rectified by the
cell’s membrane system.
PMID: 6712748 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
281: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1981;15(3):26-8.
[Emotional reactions and cardiac rhythm slow waves]
[Article in Russian]
Karpov AN, Zinov’eva LA.
Simulation studies of various emotional reactions of operators have shown that
sthenic emotional reactions induce inhibition of slow waves of cardiac rhythm
(f=0.05 divided by 0.17 Hz,) whereas asthenic emotional reactions lead to
excitation of slow waves in the above frequency range.
PMID: 7289540 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
282: Dokl Akad Nauk. 1995 Oct;344(6):840-2.
[Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) as a behavioural modifier in rats, subjected to
low-background ionizing radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Semenova TP, Novoselova EG, Medvinskaia NI, Kuzin AM.
PMID: 8535282 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
283: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2000;(5):5-8.
[Changes of neurocytes in CNS under general exposure to UHF field with local
protection applied]
[Article in Russian]
Leshin VV.
Experiments on white rats were performed to study influence of UHF field on
cortical sensomotor area under general exposure or with the head shielded. The
changes in CNS caused by UHF field were not prevented completely by means of the
shield. That is probably due to pathologic reflex impulses from the body
receptors.
PMID: 10881537 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
284: Med Hypotheses. 2000 May;54(5):685-8.
Biological effects of low-level environmental agents.
Kmecl P, Jerman I.
BION, Institute for Bioelectromagnetics and New Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
primoz.kmecl@guest.arnes.si
We compare three similar but different biological effects:
provocation-neutralisation treatment of non-antibody-mediated
hypersensitivities, hormesis and low-level effects in radiation biology. All
three have not yet been fully explained but share some common and interesting
properties: non-linear concentration dependence, typical stress pattern and
typical immune response. We try to make a generalisation of the three phenomena
in terms of the informational properties of the low concentrations, and imply
the possible common mechanism. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
PMID: 10859665 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
285: Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 1997 Nov-Dec;(6):728-34.
[The destruction of microscopic organisms by their irradiation with a special
form of UHF electromagnetic signals]
[Article in Russian]
Antonov OE, Kozyreva EV, Svishcheva TIa, Goncharova NV.
Aviakonversiya Ltd., Moscow, Russia.
Electromagnetic signals of special form produced by an ultra-high frequency
generator were used to destroy various microorganisms: baker’s yeast; blue-green
alga Nostoc muscorum; mold fungus; and two flagellates, plant flagellate Euglena
gracilis and an animal flagellate parasitizing on humans. The control samples
before irradiation and experimental samples damaged and destroyed by irradiation
were examined on a microscope with a computer system of image analysis. The
results are presented as computer graph images.
PMID: 9518060 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
286: Vopr Onkol. 1999;45(3):287-91.
[Assessment of antineoplastic action of dehydrogenases in peripheral blood
lymphocytes in S-45 tumor-bearing rats exposed to weak ultra-low-frequency
irradiation]
[Article in Russian]
Shiikhliarova AI, Sheiko EA, Pil’ EA.
Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the RF, Rostov-on-Don.
The aim of the investigation was to study the antitumor action of weak ultra
low-frequency magnetic field (ULFMF) and application of a spectrum of
dehydrogenases of peripheral blood lymphocytes as a sensitive indicator of such
action in tumor S45-bearing rats. It was shown that application of weak ULFMF
improves antitumor defenses and dehydrogenase activity tends to stay normal. The
dehydrogenase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used to assess
immune system tension and synchronization of resistance processes.
PMID: 10443233 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
287: Wiad Lek. 1999;52(3-4):174-7.
[Anxiety as a anesthesiological problem]
[Article in Polish]
Chmielnicki Z.
Oddzialu Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Opieki Pooperacyjnej, Wojewodzkiego
Szpitala, Specjalistycznego w Tychach.
Fear is a feeling which always accompanies people. It is a compound phenomenon,
which has different components as psychologic, motor, somatic-vegetative and
metabolic. The operation and anesthesia increase the feeling of anxiety. The
dimension of the fear has the inconvenient influence on the time of recovery,
quantity of complications and the discomfort felt by patients. The dimension of
the fear can be measured in many ways. The questionnaires are one of the methods
of taking an objective measurement. The STAI is one of the most often used
between them. It enables the estimation of the efficacy of the preoperative
preparing methods and the dynamics of the fear during the hospitalization.
Monitoring of the anxiety can be very useful in the decreasing the fear.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10499029 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
288: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(6):31-4.
[Occupational assessment of computer placement in school areas]
[Article in Russian]
Gel’tishcheva EA, Zhichkina GN, Serik NV, Khusainov TZh.
The study included measurements of electromagnetic radiation emitted by
MACINTOSH PC placed in public schools, functional state examination of
schoolchildren sitting in rows in front of PCs. Electromagnetic radiation
emitted by PCs appeared to harm higher nervous activity of the schoolchildren.
With consideration of the studies conducted the recommendation is not to set
workplaces in rows. The workplaces could be set perimetrically, with at least
1.0 m between the lateral borders of neighboring monitors. Angle-wise set
workplaces should stay at least 2.0 m apart.
PMID: 10420715 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
289: Radiat Res. 1974 Feb;57(2):288-99.
Damage of rat thyroid by 131I and evidence against immunologic transferability.
White SC, Casarett GW.
PMID: 10874943 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
290: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1981 Oct;27(10):753-5.
[The collagen structure in subacute radiation sickness in the albino rat]
[Article in German]
Drozdz M, Antoniewicz M, Kucharz E.
PMID: 7314704 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
291: Rev Esp Cardiol. 2000 Jun;53(6):881-2.
[Pacemakers, defibrillators, and electromagnetic environment: potential
interactions with electronic mechanisms of surveillance should not be cause of
anxiety for patients]
[Article in Spanish]
de Camargo Maranhao MF.
Publication Types:
Letter
PMID: 10944984 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
292: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(6):707.
[The international conference on human protection from electromagnetic fields
hazard]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor’ev IuG.
Publication Types:
Congresses
PMID: 10689440 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
293: Behav Genet. 1997 Nov;27(6):499-501.
Comment on:
Behav Genet. 1997 Nov;27(6):503-12.
Modeling emotional reactivity and sensation/novelty seeking with the Roman/Verh
rat lines/strains: an introduction.
Fernandez-Teruel A, Escorihuela RM.
Department of Psychiatry, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine,
Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. ikpi@cc.uab.es
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 9476358 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
294: Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(7):527-8; discussion 529.
Comment on:
Bioelectromagnetics. 1996;17(4):312-21.
Comments on “Resonance effect of millimeter waves in the power range from
10(-19) to 3 X 10(-3) W/cm2 on Escherichia coli cells at different
concentrations,” Belyaev et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 17:312-321 (1996)
Osepchuk JM, Petersen RC.
Full Spectrum Consulting, Concord, Massachusetts 01742, USA.
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 9338635 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
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Kutovoy VA.
Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ukrainian Academy of
Agricultural Sciences.
The results of experimental investigation of physical methods are presented for
suppressing of biological activity of grain and grain product pests: harmful
insects at each developmental stage except eggs (Insecta), mites (Arachnida,
Acariformes) and microscopic fungi and bacteria. The technologies under
development for disinfestation and disinfection of grain are based on
irradiation of grain by modulated pulses of high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic
fields and on simultaneous action of a complex of factors: vacuum and HF-field
induced plasma. The threshold value of the electric field intensity for total
insect mortality was found to be E = 4.0-5.0 kV/cm in the pulse mode at the base
frequency of 47.5 MHz. When the combined technology is used, conditions are
created in the irradiation chamber for HF-discharge and plasma formation, which
are very strong factors influencing the biological organisms. These raise the
energy (and cost) efficiency (approximately $2-3 per tonne of grain) of the
combined technology for destruction of grain pests with complete environmental
safety.
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Sudan BJ.
This case study demonstrates that the normal human body frequency, which can be
disturbed by electromagnetic influences of the environment, can be modulated by
0.9% sodium chloride solutions (physiological saline) and that occurrence of
allergic reactions have subsequently been suppressed as a result of this
modulation. The use of distilled water as control showed no effect on occurrence
of allergic reactions. Further observations on the growth of various plants in a
greenhouse exposed to various geomagnetic fields support the previous
observations on humans. The neutralization of electromagnetic influences on
humans using 0.9% sodium chloride solution or by enclosure of plants within a
copper wire Faraday cage resulting in a normal and uniform growth of plants as
compared with disturbed and irregular growth in unenclosed controls, is
demonstrated. These original observations propose a new strategy to suppress or
prevent allergic reactions and possibly other effects observed in various human
pathologies in relation to a disturbance of human body frequencies. It is
hypothesized that the double helix structure of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
could be modified by environmental electromagnetic fields and that disresonance
between the two chains of DNA could lead to the expression of specific
pathology. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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[Article in Russian]
Miriutova NF, Levitskii EF, Abdulkina NG.
Low-frequency vibration effectively stimulates in a direct way or via reflexes
neuromuscular apparatus in patients with muscular-tonic manifestations of spinal
osteochondrosis. Long-term myofixation forms foci of denervation disorders as
painful muscular consolidations with active center the irritation of which gives
rise to phenomenon of reflected pain. In this case it is better to begin
treatment with optic red and infrared radiation on the reflexogenic zones and
muscular consolidations for reduction of trophic abnormalities. This creates
favourable conditions for subsequent vibrostimulation of affected nerves and
muscles.
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Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
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[Electromagnetic information in the phenomenon of life]
[Article in Russian]
Kuzin AM.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, Russia.
The author’s original experiments and ideas have been summarized, which concern
the role of natural background radiation in maintenance of electromagnetic
information essential for existence of the living organism as an integral whole.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
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An experimental study of conflict and fear: an analysis of behavior of young
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Smith H, Dimond SJ.
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309: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1970 Aug;72(2):238-43.
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King DL.
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310: J Genet Psychol. 1969 Sep;115(1st Half):75-6.
A criticism of the study by McDowell and Merchent on fearfulness in control and
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McDowell AA, Stolmeier PV.
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311: Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1971;15(2):17-21.
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[Chronobiological analysis of subarctic features of long-term dynamics of
biological processes]
[Article in Russian]
Kashulin PA, Roldugin VK.
Arctic-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Research Center, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Kirovsk, Russia.
The analysis of a large number of chronobiological observations (heliospheric
modulations, cosmophysical factors, weak low-frequency electromagnetic
influences, etc.) allows us to make a conclusion about the possibility of direct
and indirect exogenous (relative to the biosphere) modulations of biological
processes in avroral and arctic zones. A nonequivalence of various seasons for
the performance of introduction experiments was established. It was shown that
the intensive fluctuations of environmental conditions are very important for
the survival of living forms introduced into subarctic regions.
PMID: 11094729 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
314: NITA. 1982 Nov-Dec;5(6):374.
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Brown EA.
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315: Nerv Sist. 1969;10:177-83.
[Registration of electromagnetic fields arising during the movements of insects,
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[Article in Russian]
Guliaev PI, Zabotin VI, Shlippenbakh NIa.
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316: Psychol Rep. 1965 Oct;17(2):595-602.
Behavioral effects of stimulation by UHF radio fields.
Eakin SK, Thompson WD.
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317: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1996 Jun;57(6):576.
A missing factor?
Ely TS.
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318: Anim Behav. 1967 Oct;15(4):574-85.
Changes in the behaviour of Lebistes reticulatus upon a repeated shadow
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Russell EM.
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]]>Nikola Tesla was a pioneer of what he called a rotating magnetic field. This was a special method he used to eliminate the commutator that is common among electrical motors. In the case of pulsed magnetics for therapy the moving magnetic field induces an electrical current to flow in any conductive pathways that are within the magnetic field. So when you are near a magnetic field which is pulsed it induces small currents to flow in the conductive pathways in your body.
Because the field from a pulsating magnetic field is always changing it has a more active effect on your body which doesn’t seem to diminish with time. Magnetic therapy with permanent magnets often seems to yield results in the short run but they often taper off with time whereas pulsed magnetic therapy tends to continue to build upon its short term results.
One thing to be clear about any magnetic therapy is that you shouldn’t expect to feel anything while you are using the device. Magnetic fields don’t cause any real noticeable sensation for most individuals. Regardless of this fact it’s the consistency of use that will give you the best results. So even though you can’t feel it be consistent about using it and you’re most likely to see good results down the line.
The Earth Pulse is a pulsed magnetic device which simulates the natural magnetic field of the earth (thus it’s name by using both a permanent north facing magnet (a high intensity neodymium magnet) with a coil that is pulsed from the Earth Pulse control box.
This combination of the north field and the low frequencies which resonate the coil in the same frequency range as the natural resonance of our Earth’s atmosphere, called the Schumann resonance has a very profound affect.
Try one out for 90 days risk free, if you don’t like it you can send it back for a refund.
But like I mentioned above don’t expect to feel anything while you use it! Just learn how to track your results such as how long you can hold your breath since using the Earth Pulse will increase your body’s ability to respirate more efficiently.
This is one of the easiest to use pulsed magnetic therapy devices that you’ll find – the Earth Pulse. You can read more about the Earth Pulse here.
We have also discussed the benefits for human well-being and relaxation by entraining with natural rhythms (The Diamond Body, 1981). It is the same technique used for decades by light and sound machines designed for neural signaling. Binaural beats technologies (hybrid sound devices) use out of beat-sync auditory output however, the effective frequency derived by them are within this same range as well.
When one discusses Schumann at 7.83 Hz, one must be cognizant that Schumann encompasses an entire range of frequencies from .01 to well over 100 Hz; The peaks below 15 Hz keep us tuned low, as soon as a higher amplitude is introduced, the biological organism will entrain (tune) itself to it. Notice the amplitude of the 60 Hz signal below.
Hear Dr. Robert O. Becker and Andrew Marino, PhD on CBS 60 Minutes circa 1977 warning of the effect of 60 Hz fields.
]]>Most kids know how long they can hold their breath. When was the last time you tried it? As a lifelone surfer i’ve known my breath hold as 1:15-1:20 consistently thoughout life. 2 years after beginning EarthPulse™ in 2003 I happened to test it as i’d been smoking a few years and to my surprise it was 2:05 seconds! Currently its somewhere over 2:30 with no practice. It is my core belief, that it may take a decade for all your cell’s to have finally turned over (died and been replaced at least once). The longevity implications are staggering!
If your mitochondria respond as expected, you will see improved Resting-Breath-Hold (RBH) time within the first week of nightly EarthPulse™ use. Why don’t you try a breath hold now just for sh*+s and giggles. This will always be a controlled test under similar conditions. You’ve been reading so your probably relaxed enought, breath deeply for 60 seconds (no hyperventilating please); and then time your breath using your watch or computer clock to monitor your time.
We suggest you only do our RBH-TEST ONE-TIME PER WEEK during the first month of EarthPulse™ use. ONCE PER MONTH AFTER THAT (so practice can not be associated with increased hold-times). After 90 days you can track your RBH every few months to monitor how well your mitochondria are responding. Hold-time will improve quickly for the first few weeks and more gradually after that. It is purely a function of mitochondrial use of oxygen and should improve gradually for YEARS.
The inventor currently has an RBH of 2:32 after 8 years of EP use, with just 15 seconds of oxygen loading. 2 years ago it was 2:42; using 60 seconds of oxygen-loading. This was from a baseline time of about 1:15 for most of his life. By the way, he smokes 10 – 15 cigarettes a day (natural tobacco, no filter) and maintains 99% blood oxygen. Prior to EP it was 96%.
Make sure you oxygen “load” precisely the same way and for the same amount of time EVERY TIME. It is very important that this process remains constant. If RBH fails to increase by end of first week of nightly EarthPulse™ use, you will probably fail to show other expected results as well until breath-hold responds.
If you hit 6 weeks with no increase in breath-hold and you are still not sleeping, then you may as well return the device for refund.
If no rise is seen the first week, please call for tech support so we can maintain the highest probability of your success.
Increases in RBH can ONLY be evidence of improved mitochondrial efficiency; oxygen is burned more efficiently producing more energy out of each breath and (probably) producing less metabolic waste in form of reactive oxygen species (ROS / oxidative free radicals) that require free radical scavenging (antioxidants).
Subsequently peak strength and stamina increase, remarkable natural healing processes are promoted, performance improves on psychological, neurological & physiological levels, the aging process slows considerably.
]]>Brain Wave Entrainment and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF)
The frequencies of naturally occurring electromagnetic signals circulating in the Earth’s ionosphere have determined the ‘evolution’ and operation of the human brain since the beginning of time. Brain wave entrainment originated and was made popular by the binaural beats community (see AlphaLearning™) and light and sound devices to stimulate the brain.
The goal of brain wave entrainment / binaural beats is to favorably affect the electrical activity in the brain (as measured by electroencephalogram – EEG or magnetoencephelogram – MEG) via non-invasive external stimuli thereby beneficially affecting the subject’s frame of mind, to enhanced learning, relaxation, etc.
See also Monroe Institute for affordable brain wave entrainment Cd’s and Tapes.
PLANETARY RHYTHMS AND HUMAN HEALTH
Lewis B. Hainsworth of Western Australia seems to be the first researcher to recognize the relationship of brain-wave frequencies to the naturally circulating rhythmic signals, known as Schumann’s resonances (SR), in the space between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere. Hainsworth imparted this awareness to Dr Robert O. Becker, noted electromagnetics pollution expert, and to Harvard neurologists as early as 1975.
In 1977, this phenomenon–the relationship between brain-wave rhythms and the spectrum of the natural Earth ELF (extremely low frequency) signals–became the basis for Itzhak Bentov’s Stalking the Wild Pendulum (Dutton, 1977). Later research confirmed a relationship to human health and well-being and even to ESP or psi phenomena.
Hainsworth sent up a clarion cry against hazardous EM (electromagnetic) pollution, whose dangers pale in comparison to the threat of technologies such as HAARP [High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program], which sends violent pulsations into the Earth’s ionosphere, potentially disrupting the entire electromagnetic shield of the planet and certainly affecting the whole biosphere and thus human welfare in general.
Some research has suggested that the frequency of the basic Schumann’s resonance has recently been rising in value, possibly threatening the whole biosphere, human welfare and our evolutionary future. All biological processes are a function of electromagnetic field interactions. EM fields are the connecting link between the world of form and resonant patterns. They store gestalts or patterns of information. The bridge connecting solar system resonances and brain frequencies resides in our human DNA helix, which co-evolved in the Earth’s environment.
Electrical engineer Lewis B. Hainsworth, MA, was among the first to suggest that human health is linked with geophysical parameters by way of the naturally occurring Schumann’s ELF. His hypothesis identified naturally occurring features which determine the frequency spectrum of human brain-wave rhythms:
The frequencies of naturally occurring electromagnetic signals, circulating in the electrically resonant cavity bounded by the Earth and the ionosphere, have governed or determined the ‘evolution’ or development of the frequencies of operation of the principal human brain-wave signals. In particular, the alpha rhythm is so placed that it can in no circumstances suffer an extensive interference from naturally occurring signals.
Hainsworth concluded that the frequencies of human brain-waves evolved in response to these signals. If his hypothesis is correct, conditions for evolutionary changes in human brain-wave patterns have now been established. Furthermore, variations in these patterns can produce mild to disastrous health and behavioural changes.
The nature of the applied stimulus makes it difficult to identify the responses directly, as they are most likely to occur in the form of stress-related conditions. They will therefore show up as drastic increases in mental disturbance, antisocial behaviour, psychosomatic conditions and neurological disturbances. Some electrical field phenomena have already been linked with abnormal cell growth and a decrease in immunocompetency.
All these factors could be expected to lead to the appearance of “new” diseases, probably accompanied by a decline in resistance to many minor infections, an increase in conditions related to abnormal cell development, including cancer, birth defects and infertility, and an increase in psychological disturbance problems, e.g., drug addiction and suicide. These existing psychobiological problems could be expected to increase in scale, but could be studied for deviations from “normal” alpha cycles of 10.4 Hz, with detectable changes in psychological characteristics and mental abilities.
Hainsworth therefore strongly urged that research into widespread measurements of the natural SR signals’ frequency variations and field strengths be carried out and compared with statistics for the incidence of heart attacks, suicide attempts, road accidents, social violence, domestic accidents, crimes, etc. Studies are often conducted in this inferential way (such as those by Krippner and Persinger), searching correlations between the phenomena of Earth lights and tectonic strain and reports of UFO sightings, abduction reports and other anomalous psychophysical experiences for an electromagnetic connection to temporal lobe seizures.
We strongly suggest that correlations of broad changes in the modulations of SR be studied in relationship to microwave radiation, ELF signals and HAARP for both immediate and long-term consequences. We have discussed elsewhere the obvious ramifications of such EM pollution and 10-50 Hz modulations on the human system (Miller & Miller, “Synthetic Telepathy”, 2001).
We have also discussed the benefits for human well-being and relaxation from entraining with these natural rhythms (The Diamond Body, 1981). When a person is deeply relaxed, slow rhythmic sine-wave patterns can be detected in both the EEG and the heart/aorta resonating oscillator in the 7-8 Hz range. Resonance occurs when the natural vibration frequency of a body is greatly amplified by vibrations at the same frequency from another body.
Oscillators alter the environment in a periodic manner. Thus, standing waves in the body, whether during meditation/relaxation or not, can be driven by a larger signal. Progressively amplified wave-forms, created by resonance, result in large oscillations entraining other circuits in the body tuned to those frequencies. A hierarchy of frequencies thus couples our psychophysical selves to the harmonic frequency of the electrical charge of the Earth, which naturally pulses at the same frequencies. This is hardly a coincidence, as we are adaptive products of our environment.
Our planet is surrounded by a layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere. The lower layer of the ionosphere is roughly 60-80 kilometres (40-50 miles) from the crust, and this charged layer is known to reflect radio waves. Bombardment by HAARP signals “pushes” out this boundary layer, thus altering the natural, pulsating rhythm. Natural fluctuations in frequency occur daily, by the lunar month, and in response to solar flares.
Since the ionosphere is a highly charged layer, it forms a so-called capacitor with the Earth. This means that there is a difference in electrical potential between the two, the Earth being negatively charged and the ionosphere being positively charged. This potential varies somewhat, but is around 200 volts per metre. This is a fundamental type of electrical generator. The solar winds, interacting with the upper atmosphere rotation, act as the collector and brushes of a generator. The lower atmosphere can be seen as a storage battery for this gradient potential.
This electromagnetic field around the Earth can be viewed as a stiff jelly. When our bodies move and vibrate, these movements are transmitted to the environment, and vice versa. These fields not only impinge on our bodies, they also affect the charges inside our bodies. When we are standing on the ground, under normal conditions, we are grounded. Our body then acts as a sink for the electrostatic field and actually distorts the force-lines somewhat. The human body also has its own electrostatic field about itself.
These field lines are the result of the various biochemical reactions in the body. This resultant bio-field couples us to the iso-electric field of the planet (Miller & Miller, 1981).
In 1957, German physicist Dr W. O. Schumann calculated the Earth/ionosphere cavity resonance frequencies (which were named after him). He fixed the most predominant standing wave at about 7.83 Hz.
A “tuned system” consists of at least two oscillators of identical resonant frequencies. If one oscillator starts emitting, the other will be activated by the signal very shortly, in the process of resonance, entrainment or kindling (igniting the resonance phenomenon among the neurons). It becomes obvious that in deep meditation, when waves of alpha and theta rhythms cascade across the entire brain, a resonance is possible between the human being and the planet. Energy and information which are embedded in a field are transferred. Perhaps the planet communicates with us in this primal language of frequencies.
According to Hainsworth, the influence of naturally occurring Schumann’s resonance signals on brain-wave pattern evolution is formally stated to show that low-power electrical fields could produce evolutionary change. The electrical fields produced by modern electro-technology are then possible sources of evolutionary change. The characteristics of some forms which might result should be considered. Some fields might inhibit survival of existing forms. Because of lack of available data, precise measurements are lacking and must therefore be quantitatively valueless. Technology not only will change, but is changing, human evolution. Only extensive investigation of the naturally occurring signals will give any lead in showing what results might occur.
The possibility exists that human health is linked with geophysical parameters by way of the naturally occurring Schumann’s resonances. A number of attempts have been made to discover the correlation through geomagnetic and ionospheric storms. The correlation comes through the biological fact that the human system is apparently sensitive to such low-power ELF signals. We don’t know what the range of such a correlation might be.
The frequency values of the SR signals are determined by the effective dimensions of the cavity between the Earth and ionosphere. Thus, any events which change these dimensions will change the resonant frequencies. As Hainsworth warned, “such events could be ionospheric storms, and could even result from a man-made ionospheric disturbance” (emphasis added).
Geomagnetic storms are the magnetic changes produced by ionospheric storms, and are thus associated with conditions capable of changing the SR signals. However, although such storms can produce these changes, measurement of these parameters cannot give any indication of whether the resonance signals have changed to a value outside their normal range or not. Since the undisturbed state of the ionosphere corresponds to the normal SR patterns, then ionospheric disturbances are likely to produce abnormal patterns, but will not necessarily do so in all cases. If biological response is linked to Schumann’s resonance signals, this will reduce any apparent link with geomagnetic or ionospheric data.
Trying to determine the relationships between geophysical and biological conditions can become extremely complex. The frequencies of the SR signals change with ionospheric conditions. These conditions change diurnally, seasonally and with variations in solar activity, which, in turn, varies with the 11-year sunspot cycle and also with the 27-29-day lunar cycle, mainly during sunspot minimum periods. Lunar tidal changes in the height and thickness of the layers could also sometimes affect the cavity dimensions and hence the Schumann’s frequencies. So can powerful ELF signals from HAARP.
It should be borne in mind that if some signal conditions are harmful, then other conditions might be beneficial. This means that if, for example, seasonal and tidal conditions have resulted in the signals being in a biologically disturbing state, then the advent of a solar flare could result in changes in the signals, bringing them into a biologically beneficial state. The converse could also occur.
If we are sensitive to ELF signals, then when these factors are considered we would expect to get confusion if we try to link any effect with geophysical changes. For instance, there could be incidences of classic states of “lunacy” in some years if damaging signals coincided with full moons, then in other years the observations and analyses would show that the effects were not lunar.
An analysis of the correlation between the incidence of ionospheric disturbance and rate of admission to Heathcote Hospital (Perth, Western Australia) for about a three-year total indicated that when a disturbance occurred then the admission rate changed. The probability of the association being random was of the order of 2000:1 against. However, the fact that sometimes the rate went up and sometimes down showed that ionospheric storms changed the rate of incidence of mental disturbance in a way that is consistent with that change being dependent on the actual causes being linked to variations in the Schumann’s resonance signals. At that point, Hainsworth decided to concentrate on trying to get some observational work going on measuring the SR signals.
Hainsworth’s set-up used a 2,000-turn, 1-metre-square antenna, and another of 1/3-metre square, plus amplifiers to handle signals from 0 to 30 Hz. His amplified Schumann’s signals were analysed in a laboratory. On one occasion the signal dropped to zero amplitude when a solar flare occurred, and did not start recovering for about an hour and a half afterwards. It was originally just under 7 Hz and came back at only just over 6 Hz. His next step would have been to develop a wave analyser to try to pick out individual signals. But the failing health of both himself and his wife prevented this.
The value of proceeding with his seminal work has now increased many-fold due to the threat from the proposed US Missile Defense Shield. This is the offspring of the United States’ HAARP program in Alaska, whose raison d’être, or mission statement, allegedly dealing with national security, is vague if not purposefully misleading.
EM FREQUENCIES AND HUMAN RESPONSE
Hainsworth posed a series of questions, all of which are answered with a resounding “yes”. This should lead us in the direction of extreme caution towards introducing new EM or ELF sources and ionospheric changes in our environment. He presented his data in two papers (referenced at the end of this article and posted on the website http://www.nwbotanicals.org). His questions are as follows:
1. Does the human biological system contain, use or generate any forms of electrical signal?
2. Does it respond to any of these signals?
3. Does it respond to audible signals at these frequencies?
4. Does it respond to optical signals at these frequencies?
5. Do human signals change with psychological or mental states, such as stress or problem solving?
6. Does the human system respond to any very, very low-power electromagnetic signals?
Brain waves have only been studied since about the mid-1920s, and the signal form that is apparently most widely known and identified is the alpha rhythm. The frequency of this signal varies from individual to individual, but it lies between about 7-8 Hz and 12 Hz, with an average value of 10.5 Hz. Theta and beta rhythm signals also occur, and are identifiable by EEG below the 8 Hz and above the 12 Hz frequencies. Since the discovery and measurement of these signals, a great deal of effort has been devoted to trying to work out how they originated in the first place and what determines their frequencies of operation.
In the early to mid-1950s, Schumann (a geophysicist almost certainly uninterested in neurology) suggested that electromagnetic signals might circulate at extremely low frequencies in the electrically resonant cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere. He was right. The signals came to be called “Schumann’s resonances”. One major component was originally predicated at a frequency of about 10 Hz. In 1959 it was measured to be slightly different. Meanwhile, the military co-opted the discovery for using ELF signals for submarine communications.
In fact, the first mode of these circulating signals has an average value of 7.8 Hz, with a typical diurnal range of from 7.2 to 8.8 Hz, and the second mode has an average value of 14.1 Hz and a range of from 13.2 to 15.8 Hz. These match the brain-wave theta rhythm and beta rhythm nicely. The blank range between the two modes is a very reasonable match with the normal frequency range of the human alpha rhythm, between 8 to 12 Hz or cycles.
Additionally, it was found that there is minimum (zero) power circulating in the Earth/ionosphere cavity at 10.4 Hz–which is virtually an exact match for the average value of the alpha rhythm. Hainsworth points out that the existence of these natural signals and the close relationship of their frequencies of oscillation were facts unknown to senior neurologists and mental health specialists as late as 1975.
Hainsworth argued that up to the end of 1979, no long-term systematic measurements of any great value were being made of the Schumann’s resonance signals. Measurements were being made only intermittently for the purpose of obtaining research data for use by post-graduate geophysicists in constructing esoteric mathematical models of the ionosphere. It follows from this that, until long after the end of 1979, no figures on these signals were available. Consequently, no “expert” can produce numerical evidence to support an objection to Hainsworth’s original hypothesis, since the only numerical values available are those favouring it.
However, Hainsworth left us with some open-ended questions:
7. Has any evidence ever been obtained to indicate that the human system is totally unaffected by externally applied electromagnetic fields?
8. Have any measurement programs ever been attempted to show whether the human system is (a) totally unaffected, (b) always affected, or (c) sometimes affected by naturally [or artificially] occurring electromagnetic signals?
9. Has the existence of such signals, having a close relationship with human biological signal frequencies, been known for many years?
10. Have those relationships been studied with adequate protocols in any detail?
Schumann’s resonances are actually observed, by experiment, occurring at several harmonic frequencies between 6 and 50 cycles per second (one cycle equals one hertz). Specifically they are found at 7.8, 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hz, with a daily variation of around ±0.5 Hz.
Only as long as the properties of Earth’s electromagnetic cavity remain about the same do these frequencies remain the same. Cycles may vary somewhat due to ionospheric response to solar cycle activity and properties of the atmosphere and magnetosphere. Projects, such as HAARP, which heat up or blast out the ionosphere pose a potential threat of catastrophic proportions to this interactive system.
MEASURING BRAIN WAVES BY EEG
The resonant cavity formed between the ionosphere and the Earth produces rhythmic waves capable of entraining and phase-locking with brain waves.
Even at the turn of this millennium, Hainsworth (now deceased) seems to have been unfamiliar with extensive work in brain-wave research in neurology, hypnotherapy, biofeedback and neural feedback. This research includes extensive experiments in frequency-following response (FFR) and relating brain waves and brain-wave deficiencies to psychobiological states.
The brain is a massive source of ELF signals that get transmitted throughout the body through the nervous system, which is sensitive to magnetic fields. Brain waves and natural biorhythms can be entrained by strong external ELF signals, such as stationary waves at Schumann’s resonances. Entrainment, synchronisation and amplification promote coherent large-scale activity rather than typical flurries of transient brain waves. Thus, resonant standing waves emerge from the brain, which under the right conditions facilitates internal and external bio-information transfer via ELF electromagnetic waves. These SR waves exhibit non-local character and nearly instant communication capability.
The EEG (electroencephalograph) measures brain waves of different frequencies within the brain. Rhythmicity in the EEG is a key variable in the coordination of cortical activity. Electrodes are placed on specific sites on the scalp to detect and record the electrical impulses within the brain. Frequency is the number of times a wave repeats itself within a second. It can be compared to the frequencies on a radio. Amplitude represents the power of electrical impulses generated by the brain. Volume or intensity of brain-wave activity is measured in microvolts.
Raw EEG frequency bands include gamma (25-60 Hz); beta (12-25 Hz); alpha (7-12 Hz); theta (4-7 Hz); and delta (less than 4 Hz). Their ranges overlap one another along the frequency spectrum by 0.5 Hz or more. These frequencies are linked to behaviours, subjective feeling states, physiological correlates, etc. Clinical improvement with EEG biofeedback is traceable to improved neuroregulation in basic functions by appeal to their underlying rhythmic mechanisms.
Schumann’s resonance forms a natural feedback loop with the human mind/body. The human brain and body developed in the biosphere, the EM environment conditioned by this cyclic pulse. Conversely, this pulse acts as a “driver” of our brains and can also potentially carry information. Functional processes may be altered and new patterns of behaviour facilitated through the brain’s web of inhibitory and excitatory feedback networks. Functional processes may be altered and new patterns of behaviour facilitated through the brain’s web of inhibitory and excitatory feedback networks.
The brain has its own set of vibrations it uses to communicate with itself and the rest of the body. EEG equipment distinguishes these waves by measuring the speed with which neurons fire in cycles per second. At their boundaries these waves can overlap somewhat, merging seamlessly into one another–so different researchers may give slightly different readings for the range of cycles per second (Hz). The rate of cycling determines the type of activity, kindling wave after wave over the whole surface of the brain by igniting more neurons.
The frequency bands and wave characteristics are described as follows:
¥ Gamma waves (25-60 Hz) appear to relate to simultaneous processing of information from different brain areas, e.g., involving memory, learning abilities, integrated thoughts or information-rich task processing. Gamma rhythms modulate perception and consciousness, which disappear with anaesthesia. Synchronous activity at about 40 Hz appears involved in binding sensory inputs into the single, unitary objects we perceive.
¥ Beta waves (12-25 Hz) dominate our normal waking state of consciousness when attention is directed towards cognitive tasks and the outside world. Beta is a “fast” activity, present when we are alert or even anxious, or when engaged in problem solving, judgement, decision making, information processing, mental activity and focus. Nobel Prize winner Sir Francis Crick and other scientists believe the 40 Hz beta frequency may be key to the act of cognition.
¥ Alpha waves (7-12 Hz) are present during dreaming and light meditation when the eyes are closed. As more and more neurons are recruited to this frequency, alpha waves cycle globally across the whole cortex. This induces deep relaxation, but not quite meditation. In alpha, we begin to access the wealth of creativity that lies just below our conscious awareness. It is the gateway, the entry point that leads into deeper states of consciousness. Alpha waves aid overall mental coordination, calmness, alertness, inner awareness, mind/body integration and learning.
Alpha is also the home of the window frequency known as the SR, which propagates with little attenuation around the planet. When we intentionally generate alpha waves and go into resonance with that Earth frequency, we naturally feel better, refreshed, in tune, in synch. It is, in fact, environmental synchronisation.
¥ Theta waves (4-7 Hz) occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in the deepest states of meditation (body asleep/mind awake) and thought (gateway to learning, memory). In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on the mindscape–internally originating signals. Theta waves are associated with mystery, an elusive and extraordinary realm we can explore. It is that twilight state which we normally only experience fleetingly as we rise from the depths of delta upon waking or drifting off to sleep. In theta, we are in a waking dream; vivid imagery flashes before the mind’s eye and we are receptive to information beyond our normal conscious awareness. Theta meditation increases creativity, enhances learning, reduces stress and awakens intuition and other extrasensory perception skills.
¥ Delta waves (0-4 Hz) are the slowest but highest in amplitude. They are generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep. Delta waves confer a suspension of external existence and provide the most profound feelings of peace. In addition, certain frequencies within the delta range trigger the release of a growth hormone which is beneficial for healing and regeneration. This is why sleep, deep restorative sleep, is so essential to the healing process.
Rhythm & Harmonic Resonance
There is a harmonic relationship between the Earth and our mind/body. Earth’s low-frequency iso-electric field, the magnetic field of the Earth and the electrostatic field which emerges from our body are closely interwoven. Our internal rhythms interact with external rhythms, affecting our balance, REM patterns, health, and mental focus. SR waves probably help regulate our bodies’ internal clocks, affecting sleep/dream patterns, arousal patterns and hormonal secretion (such as melatonin).
The rhythms and pulsations of the human brain mirror those of the resonant properties of the terrestrial cavity, which functions as a waveguide. This natural frequency pulsation is not a fixed number, but an average of global readings, much like the EEG gives an average of brain-wave readings. SR actually fluctuates, like brain waves, due to geographical location, lightning, solar flares, atmospheric ionisation and daily cycles.
The most important slow rhythm is the daily rhythm sensed directly as the change in light. Rhythms connected with the daily rhythm are called circadian (an example is pineal gland melatonin secretion). Some experiments in the absence of natural light have shown that the basic human “clock” is actually slightly longer than one day (24 hours), and closer to one lunar day (24 hours 50 minutes).
On a slower scale, a strong influence on the Earth is its geomagnetic field, which is influenced by the following periods: the Moon’s rotation (29.5 days); the Earth’s rotation (365.25 days); sunspot cycles (11 or 22 years); the nutation cycle (18.6 years); the rotation of the planets (88 days to 247.7 years); and the galaxy’s rotation cycle (250 million years). Very important rhythms, like hormone secretion and dominant nostril exchange, are in the order of 1-2 hours. In the range of human EEG, we have the Sun’s electromagnetic oscillation of 10 Hz, while the Earth/ionosphere system is resonant at frequencies in the theta, alpha, beta-1 (low or slow) and beta-2 (high or fast) bands.
Different species often have internal generators of environmental rhythms, which can be extremely precise, up to 10-4. The frequency of these oscillators is then phase-locked-loop (PLL) synchronised with the natural rhythms. Environmental synchronisation sources are often called zeitgebers. The mechanism of optical synchronisation can be shown. The presented rhythms should inspire a better understanding of the interaction of internal and external rhythms during specific states of consciousness.
The bioelectrical domain is geared to thalamocortical generation of rhythmic activity. In neurofeedback, what is being trained is the degree of rhythmicity of the thalamocortical regulatory circuitry. Rhythmicity manages the entire range of activation and arousal in the bio-electrical domain. One role advocated for rhythmic activity is that of time binding: the need for harnessing brain electrical activity, which is spatially distributed, while maintaining it as a single entity.
Brain waves indicate the arousal dimension, and arousal mediates a number of conditions. Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic arousal “tune” the nervous system. Underarousal leads towards unipolar or reactive depression, attention deficit disorder, chronic pain and insomnia. Overarousal is linked with anxiety disorders, sleep onset problems, nightmares, hypervigilance, impulsive behaviour, anger/aggression, agitated depression, chronic nerve pain and spasticity. A combination of underarousal and overarousal causes anxiety and depression as well as ADHD.
Instabilities in certain rhythms can be correlated with tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggressive behaviour, rage, bruxism, panic attacks, bipolar disorder, migraines, narcolepsy, epilepsy, sleep apnoea, vertigo, tinnitus, norexia/bulimia, suicidal ideation and behaviour, PMS, multiple chemical sensitivities, diabetes, hypoglycaemia and explosive behaviour.
The brain responds to inputs at a certain frequency or frequencies. The computer can create wave-form patterns or certain frequencies that compare with the mind’s neural signals in terms of mind patterns. If people can control their mind patterns, they can enter different states of being (mental relaxation, study, etc.).
So what happens when the mind is entrained with a sound or vibration that reflects the thought patterns? When the mind responds to certain frequencies and behaves as a resonator, is there a harmonic frequency that the mind vibrates to or can attune to? What does the study of harmonic resonance, sound or vibration have to do with the brain’s frequency waves?
Sound waves are examples of periodicity, of rhythm. Sound is measured in cycles per second (hertz or Hz). Each cycle of a wave is, in reality, a single pulse of sound. The average range of hearing for the human ear is somewhere between 16 Hz and 20,000 Hz. We cannot hear extremely low frequencies, but we can perceive them as rhythmic.
Entrainment is the process of synchronisation, where vibrations of one object will cause the vibrations of another object to oscillate at the same rate. External rhythms can have a direct effect on the psychology and physiology of the listener. Slower tempos from 48 to 70 BPMs have been proven to decrease heart and respiratory rates, thereby altering the predominant brain-wave patterns.
Binaural beats are continuous tones of subtly different frequencies, delivered to each ear independently in stereo via headphones. If the left channel’s pitch is 100 cycles per second and the right channel’s pitch is 108 cycles per second, the difference between the two equals 8 cycles per second. When these sounds are combined, they produce a pulsing tone that waxes and wanes in a “wah wah” rhythm.
Binaural beats are not an external sound; rather, they are subsonic frequencies heard within the brain itself. These frequencies are created as both hemispheres work simultaneously to hear sounds that are pitch-differed by key mathematical intervals (window frequencies). The brain waves respond to these oscillating tones by following them (entrainment), and both hemispheres begin to work together. Communication between the two sides of the brain is associated with flashes of creativity, insight and wisdom.
Alpha-wave biofeedback is considered a consciousness self-regulation technique, while alpha-frequency binaural beat stimulation (frequency-following response) is a passive management technique where cortical potentials entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Through the self-regulation of specific cortical rhythms, we begin to control those aspects of consciousness associated with that rhythm. When the goal is alpha, either in meditation or in biofeedback, it means entraining with the primary SR.
MEASURING CHANGES IN SCHUMANN’S RESONANCES
Earth’s background base frequency, or “heartbeat” (Schumann’s resonances), fluctuates and may be rising dramatically. Though it varies between geographical regions, for decades the overall measurement was 7.8 cycles per second. This was once thought to be a constant. Global military communications were developed using this frequency. However, recent reports set the rate at over 11 cycles and climbing. Science doesn’t know why, what to make of it or even if these reports are credible.
Gregg Braden claims to have found data collected by Norwegian and Russian researchers, and says it’s not been widely reported in the USA. The authors have been unable to substantiate this. Braden suggests the only reference to SR to be found in the Seattle Library reference section is tied to the weather. Science acknowledges SR as a sensitive indicator of temperature variations and worldwide weather conditions. Braden believes the fluctuating SR may be a factor in the severe weather conditions of recent years.
As previously stated, the Earth behaves like an enormous electrical circuit. The atmosphere is actually a weak conductor; and if there were no sources of charge, its existing electrical charge would diffuse away in about 10 minutes. There is a “cavity” defined by the surface of the Earth and the inner edge of the ionosphere, whose height fluctuates somewhat. It’s been calculated that at any moment, the total charge residing in this cavity is 500,000 coulombs.
There is a vertical current flow between the ground and the ionosphere of 1 &endash; 3 x 10-12 amperes per square metre. The resistance of the atmosphere is 200 ohms. The voltage potential is 200,000 volts. There are about 2,000 lightning storms at any given moment worldwide. Each produces 0.5 to 1 ampere, and these collectively account for the measured current flow in the Earth’s “electromagnetic” cavity.
Schumann’s resonances are quasi standing-wave electromagnetic waves that exist in this cavity. Like waves on a string, they must be potentiated or “excited” in order to be observed. They are not caused by internal terrestrial factors or Earth’s crustal movements or the core, which does produce magnetic fields. They seem to be related to electrical activity in the atmosphere, particularly during times of intense lightning activity. So long as the properties of Earth’s electromagnetic cavity remain about the same, these frequencies remain the same. Presumably there is some change due to the solar sunspot cycle, as the Earth’s ionosphere changes in response to flares and mass ejections during the 11-year cycle of solar activity. High-energy charges coming off the Sun brush across the upper atmosphere, ionising there.
Since the Earth’s atmosphere carries a charge, a current and a voltage, it is not surprising to find such electromagnetic waves. The resonant properties of this terrestrial cavity were first predicted by W. O. Schumann in 1952 and 1957, and first detected by Schumann and Konig in 1954.
Much of the research in the last 20 years has been conducted by the US Department of the Navy, which uses ELF signals for communication with submarines. However, little attention is given by the military and defence contractors to issues of psychobiological health and well-being.
Between the nearly perfectly conducting terrestrial surface and ionosphere, a resonating cavity is formed. Broadband electromagnetic impulses, like those from lightning flashes, fill this cavity and create globally the so-called Schumann’s resonances at frequencies in the range of 5&endash;50 Hz (Schumann, 1952; Bliokh et al., 1980; Sentman, 1987). The nominal average frequencies observed are 7.8, 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hz, with slight diurnal variation (Sentman and Fraser, 1991).
Standard magnetometers are not able to measure Schumann’s resonances, and even the search coil (i.e., pulsation) magnetometers, which most often sample at about 0.1 Hz, do not allow such studies. Special equipment is thus needed (see, for example, Sentman and Fraser, 1991).
Current findings suggest:
1. Schumann’s resonances are actually observed by experiment to emerge at several frequencies related to brain waves. They range between 6 and 50 cycles per second, specifically 7.8 (alpha), 14 (low beta), 20 (mid beta), 26 (high beta), 33 (low gamma), 39 (gamma) and 45 Hz (gamma), with daily variation of about ±0.5 Hz.
2. The strongest of the seven resonances is 7.83 Hz, in the alpha brain-wave range. If the rise in resonance continues, this primary resonance, the Earth pulse, changes from sub-band low alpha (7&endash;10 Hz) to sub-band high alpha (10&endash;12 Hz), perhaps influencing our ability to relax deeply, balance and integrate our mind/body connection. It could influence REM sleep and dreaming. If it continues to rise, it will breach the threshold into “fast” beta activity. Low beta (12&endash;15 Hz) is associated with lack of focused attention, and can even indicate attention deficit disorder.
3. The amplitude (i.e., intensity) of the Schumann’s resonances is not constant, and appears to be extremely dependent upon tropical (and hence global) temperature. Indeed, preliminary results seem to indicate that a mere one-degree increase in temperature correlates with a doubling of the SR. This could not be more significant, as it is unknown what psychobiological effect these fluctuations could have on humans.
SR AND GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES
One of the most crucial questions in science today centres on whether or not the planetary temperature is rising, falling or remaining unchanged. Recently global warming has been acknowledged by most in the field, and human interference (technology) is implicated.
On one hand, analyses of thermometer measurements of near-surface global (land and sea) air temperatures suggest the planet has been warming in recent decades. But satellite measurements of the planet’s lower atmospheric temperature show no warming from 1979 to 1998.
Temperature data from weather balloons launched throughout the world reveal variations and trends in global temperatures that correspond to those found in the satellite-based measurements. Analysis of pressure thickness measurements from these same balloons also shows no warming in recent decades. It’s no wonder we have such an ongoing “heated debate” about the recent temperature history of the Earth! Yet most people recognise that their local weather is markedly different than in past decades.
Scientists have suggested lately that another method may exist to monitor planetary temperature accurately. The idea is simple, though the underlying physics of the processes is complex. The method is based on the well-known fact that thunderstorms and lightning strikes in many parts of the world are directly related to lower-atmospheric air temperatures. Higher temperatures produce more lightning strikes, while lower temperatures tend to depress lightning activity.
Lightning discharges occurring anywhere in the world produce electromagnetic pulses that spread away from the source. Much of the energy is quickly degraded, but some of the energy the lightning produces falls in the extremely low frequency/long-wavelength domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. At these long wavelengths, the energy from a lightning strike is able to circumnavigate the Earth without serious degradation. This low-frequency/long-wavelength energy creates SR signals which can be detected throughout the world.
Understanding SR waves requires a basic appreciation of the vertical structure of the atmosphere. In the upper reaches of the ionosphere, incoming ultraviolet radiation and soft X-rays affect atoms or bonded groups of atoms, causing gains or losses of negatively charged electrons. This interaction creates an environment of positively and negatively charged particles of the high atmosphere that, among other interesting qualities, can readily conduct electricity.
The bulk of our insulating atmosphere lies between two conducting layers of the Earth’s surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere. This spherically concentric cavity, the Earth/ionosphere cavity, is bounded by those electrically conducting walls. Again, lightning discharges within the cavity produce electromagnetic pulses that spread away from the source in the extremely low frequency domain, and the conductive walls of the cavity produce some interesting effects for the low-frequency energy.
For example, energy with a frequency near 7.5 Hz would have a wavelength of about 40,000 km (recall that wavelength = speed of light / frequency). Because this wavelength equals the circumference of the Earth, the energy is able to circumnavigate the Earth/ionosphere cavity without serious degradation. The 100 or so lightning bolts occurring each second in the 1,000 lightning storms around the world contribute to the energy in the 7.5 Hz portion of the spectrum, which can be measured anywhere on the planet. It is these resonance properties of this global spherical capacitor or resonator) that Schumann predicted over 40 years ago.
In an article published in Science, MIT scientist Earle Williams (1992) constructed a powerful argument that links Schumann’s resonances to convection and ultimately to widespread tropical and/or global temperature. Williams concluded that a 1°C warming in the tropics should result in a fourfold increase in lightning activity, and he presented empirical data from several locations to support his conclusion. He noted that any measurable parameter nonlinearly related to temperature could be extremely useful in assessing the most subtle changes in global temperature. Others have presented different sensitivities: Price (1993) concluded that a 1°C warming would increase global lightning activity by 7%; Price and Rind (1994) found a 5&endash;6% increase per 1°C sensitivity; while Reeve and Toumi (1998) found the sensitivity to be near 40% per 1°C. Regardless of the exact sensitivity, all these scientists conclude that lightning increases with even moderate amounts of warming worldwide. More lightning would generate a stronger SR, which may be useful in monitoring planetary temperatures.
The link between SR and the number of lightning strikes is supported by a mean day/night temperature fluctuation pattern. A diurnal pattern of worldwide lightning exists with three maxima recorded regularly due to the large number of mid- to late-afternoon thunderstorms in land areas of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia and Australia. (Storms are first generated in Asia; later they form in Africa; and later each day they arise in South America.)
Global warming has been linked to the suspected rise in SR, and is a threat to its synchronisation with our brain waves. Small changes in temperature pump up into large signals in extremely low frequency (ELF) resonances. Long-term monitoring and study of global climate changes via measurements of ELF electromagnetic waves needs to be conducted more closely. Monitoring the intensity and frequencies of the lightning-induced ELF SR could help monitor changes in the Earth’s climate over time.
One Israeli program proposed setting up two or three widely separated ELF field sites. A suggested site for a permanent SR monitoring station was in the Negev Desert in Israel. Members of this proposal want to develop, test and install the appropriate software for the automatic electromagnetic monitoring and preliminary processing of the incoming data. They suggested that simultaneous measurements could be made in Russia and Sweden to test the global nature of the ELF signals measured in Israel. The continuous ELF data measured in Israel could be compared with other ELF data sets from other locations around the world, such as Hungary, USA or Japan. Furthermore, the relevant global climate data sets&emdash;such as surface temperature, satellite observations of the global distribution of deep convection, and global atmospheric water vapour measurements&emdash;could be used for comparisons with SR data to check the reliability of the “global thermometer” hypothesis.
A systematic study of SR parameters during high-energy particle precipitation events has shown that protons and electrons with energies above 1 MeV ionise the upper boundary of the Earth/ionosphere cavity. This leads to an increase in the resonance frequency and a decrease in the damping of the first Schumann’s resonance, as derived from measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica. The study used the nine strongest solar proton events of the past Solar Cycle 22 and high-energy electrons emitted periodically from co-rotating interaction regions in the solar wind during 1994&endash;95. The variation of the SR parameters is in qualitative agreement with current SR theories. The study also showed that high-energy particle precipitation (solar ejecta) is not the only relevant source affecting SR parameters. The findings constitute a so far little-explored aspect of solar/terrestrial interaction.
]]>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS / TMS) research on human subjects repeatedly shows statistically significantly motor and cognitive improvement in human participants w/ no adverse side effects. rTMS and PEMF studies even 5-10 years post event show measurable improvement. Based on available research (see below) PEMF used in concert with standard rehabilitative therapy should result in significantly improved outcome over standard rehabilitative therapy. In unrelated studies PEMF have shown clear neuroprotective and regenerative effects. Ask yourself why you’ve never known about it until now.
Several hundred pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations are contained in our research bibliographies. Many of them are linked directly to PubMed a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National Institutes of Health for you to begin your search.
These studies are offered for your education only and are not intended as promotional material for Future Tech Today Inc. device and methods.
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